Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T01:39:29.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Aging, encoding specificity, and memory change in the Double Memory Test

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2009

Herman Buschke ,
Martin Sliwinski ,
Gail Kuslansky  and
Richard B. Lipton
Herman Buschke
Affiliation:
The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Rose F. Kennedy Center for Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
Martin Sliwinski
Affiliation:
The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Rose F. Kennedy Center for Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
Gail Kuslansky
Affiliation:
The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Rose F. Kennedy Center for Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
Richard B. Lipton
Affiliation:
The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Rose F. Kennedy Center for Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Aged and young adults were tested by category cued recall after learning with category cues (CCR) or with item cues (ICR). CCR was about twice ICR for both aged and young adults. The aged recalled less than the young and did not benefit as much from greater encoding specificity and deeper processing in CCR. ICR and CCR were correlated, so that expected CCR can be predicted from ICR. The regression of CCR on ICR was linear for young adults, but was piecewise linear for the aged, showing that the relationship between ICR and CCR was not uniform for the aged adults. Lower than expected CCR by a subset of aged without clinical dementia may be a sign of preclinical dementia. (JINS, 1995, I, 483–493.)

Keywords

AgingEncoding-specificityPreclinical dementia
Type
Research Articles
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 1 , Issue 5 , September 1995 , pp. 483 - 493
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R.A. & DeShon, R.P. (1994). Effect of error variance heterogeneity on the power of tests for regression slope differences. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 308–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Battig, W.F. & Montague, W.E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut Category Norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph, 80 (3, Pt. 2), 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, M. & Luszcz, M. (1991). Encoding specificity, depth of processing, and cued recall in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 508–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B.E., & Roth, M. (1968). The association between quantitative measure of dementia and of senile changes in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 797–811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buschke, H. (1973). Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 543–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buschke, H. (1984a). Control of cognitive processing. In Butters, N. & Squire, L.R. (Eds.), Neuropsychology of memory (pp. 33–40). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Buschke, H. (1984b). Cued recall in amnesia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 433–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buschke, H. (1987). Criteria for identification of memory deficits. In Gorfein, D.S. & Hoffman, R.R. (Eds.), Memory and learning (pp. 331–344). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Buschke, H., Sliwinski, M., & Kuslansky, G. (in press). Correlated testing to detect cognitive change. In Herrmann, D.J., McEvoy, C.L., Hertzog, C., Hertel, P., & Johnson, M.K. (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research: Practical aspects. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cleveland, W.S. & Devlin, S.J. (1988). Locally-weighted regression: An approach to regression analysis by local fitting. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 596–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, R.D. & Weisberg, S. (1983). Diagnostics for heteroscedasticity in regression. Biometrika, 70, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craik, F.I.M., Byrd, M., & Swanson, J.M. (1987). Patterns of memory loss in three elderly samples. Psychology and Aging, 2, 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craik, F.I.M. & Lockhart, R.S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craik, F.I.M. & Simon, E. (1980). Age differences in memory: The roles of attention and depth of processing. In Poon, L.W., Fozard, J.L., Cermak, L., Arenberg, D., & Thompson, L.W. (Eds.), New directions in memory and aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Craik, F.I.M. & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crook, T.H., Bartus, R.T., Ferris, S., Whitehouse, P., Cohen, G.D., & Gershon, S. (1986). Age-associated memory impairment: Proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change (Report of a National Institute of Mental Health workgroup). Developmental Neuropsychology, 2, 261–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drachman, D.A. (1994). If we live long enough, will we all be demented? Neurology, 44, 1563–1565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Earhard, M. (1967). Cued recall and free recall as a function of the number of items per cue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebly, E.M., Parhad, I.M., Hogan, D.B., Fung, T.S. (1994). Prevalence and type of dementia in the very old: Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Neurology, 44, 1593–1600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, R.P. & Craik, F.I.M. (1977). Interaction between encoding and retrieval operations in cued recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 701–711.Google Scholar
Friedland, R.P. (1993). Alzheimer's disease: Clinical features and differential diagnosis. Neurology, 43, S45–S51.Google Scholar
Gick, M.L., Craik, F.I.M., & Morris, R.G. (1988). Task complexity and age differences in working memory. Memory & Cognition, 16, 353–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grober, E. & Buschke, H. (1987). Genuine memory deficits in dementia. Developmental Neuropsychology, 3, 13–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grober, E., Buschke, H., Crystal, H., Bang, S., & Dresner, R. (1988). Screening for dementia by memory testing. Neurology, 38, 900–903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, D.V. (1980). Category norms: A comparison of the Battig and Montague (1969) norms with the response of adults between the ages of 20 and 80. Journal of Gerontology, 35, 225–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huber, P.J. (1967). The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under non-standard conditions. Proceedings of the Fifth Berkely Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1, 221–233.Google Scholar
Hultsch, D.F., Hertzog, C., & Dixon, R.A. (1990). Ability correlates of memory performance in adulthood and aging. Psychology and Aging, 5, 356–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katzman, R., Brown, T., Fuld, P., Peck, A., Schecter, R., & Shimmel, H. (1983). Validation of a short orientationmemory-concentration test of cognitive impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 734–739.Google Scholar
Katzman, R. & Kawas, C. (1994). The epidemiology of dementia and Alzheimer disease. In Terry, R.D., Katzman, R., & Bick, K.L. (Eds.), Alzheimer disease (pp. 105–122). New York: Raven Press, Ltd.Google Scholar
Masur, D.M., Sliwinski, M., Lipton, R.B., Blau, A.D., & Crystal, H.A. (1994). Neuropsychological prediction of dementia and the absence of dementia in healthy elderly. Neurology, 44, 1427–1432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E.M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale (1965). London: NGER Nelson.Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C., Smith, G., Ivnik, R.J., Kokmen, E., & Tangalos, E.G. (1994). Memory function in very early Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 44, 867–872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puglisi, J.T., Park, D.C., Smith, A.D., & Dudley, W.N. (1988). Age differences in encoding specificity. Journal of Gerontology, 43, P145–P150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabinowitz, J.C. (1989). Age deficits in recall under optimal study conditions. Psychology and Aging, 3, 378–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowitz, J. C, Craik, F.I.M., & Ackerman, B.P. (1982). A processing resource account of age differences in recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 325–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D.L. & Tulving, E. (1982). Amnesia and memory research. In Cermak, L.S. (Ed.), Human memory and amnesia (pp. 1–32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google ScholarPubMed
Silverstein, A.B. (1982). Two-and four-subtest short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 415–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sliwinski, M., Buschke, H., Kuslansky, G., Senior, G., & Scarisbrick, D. (1994). Proportional slowing and addition speed in aged and young adults. Psychology and Aging, 9, 72–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sliwinski, M., Lipton, R.B., Buschke, H., & Stewart, W. (in prep., 1995a). The effects of preclinical dementia on estimates of normal cognitive functioning in aging.Google Scholar
Sliwinski, M., Buschke, H., Lipton, R.B., Stewart, W., & Masur, D. (in prep., 1995b). Comparative and diagnostic selective reminding norms for the elderly.Google Scholar
Stata Corporation (1993). Stata Reference Manual: Release 3.1. College Station, TX.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. & Pearlstone, Z. (1966). Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 381–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. & Thomson, D.M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuokko, H. & Crockett, D. (1989). Cued recall and memory disorders in dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 278–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, M.J. (1979). Engrams as cuegrams and forgetting as cue overload: A cueing approach to the structure of memory. In Puff, C.R. (Ed.), Memory organization and structure (pp. 347–372). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Yesavage, J.A., Brink, T., Rose, T., Lum, O., Huang, O., Adey, V., & Leirer, V. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar