Various forms of social media have been investigated as platforms for science and health communication, with a recent growing interest in TikTok. TikTok has more than one billion active users. Sixty-two percent of TikTok users are under the age of 29, making it a platform of particular interest when considering the impact of social media content dissemination in pediatric neuropsychology. Personal communication suggests that children, adolescents, and young adults internationally reference specific information from TikToks about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), tic disorder, and specific learning disorders in the context of clinical neuropsychological assessment. Despite the emerging prevalence of TikTok observed clinically and discussed informally among clinicians, there has yet to be a synthesis of available empirical information of TikTok as a health communication platform for discussing neurodevelopmentally relevant conditions.

A systematic review of research regarding TikTok and neurodevelopmentally relevant conditions was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. The following databases were searched: Ovid MEDLINE (to 20 July 2022), PsycINFO (to 20 July 2022), and PubMed (to 20 July 2022) using search terms TikTok AND ADHD OR autism OR tic OR learning disorder. Searches using search terms TikTok AND learning disability OR dyslexia OR dysgraphia OR dyscalculia were also conducted but were excluded as they yielded no results. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they presented original data (e.g., case series, descriptive analyses, etc.) related to information about neurodevelopmentally relevant conditions on TikTok. A final sample of 5 original papers met criteria for inclusion.

The systematic review sample included a mixture of clinical case series and empirical analyses using primary data from TikTok. Across publications, there was an emphasis on the prevalence of misinformation about disorders on TikTok, the frequency of atypical presentations of neurodevelopmental disorders on TikTok, and the potential for an iatrogenic impact on children and adolescents who view TikTok videos.

Despite the increasing frequency with which patients access TikTok for health-related information, there is a relative dearth of published research on TikTok regarding neurodevelopmentally relevant conditions. This is in contrast to other health-related areas (e.g., there are a far greater number of published articles on TikTok and COVID-19 and dermatology compared to neuropsychological disorders). These findings suggest a missed opportunity for researchers and clinicians alike to engage with TikTok. Based on clinical experience and a review of the available literature, the following recommendations are provided and will be presented in-depth:

1. 1. Clinicians should gain familiarity with virally spread information via TikTok, particularly as it relates to symptoms and presentations of neuropsychological and neurodevelopmental conditions.

2. 2. Clinicians should explicitly assess for knowledge content and source regarding neuropsychological and neurodevelopmental conditions during intake and/or feedback in order to address misinformation and myths, validate lived experiences, and develop rapport with patients.

3. 3. Clinicians and researchers should consider a strengths-based approach to TikTok usage that highlights the value of sharing resources, building community, and decreasing stigma.

4. 4. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of information shared via TikTok as a potential concern for test security.