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On a general Formula for the value of present or future Benefits, whether free or burdened with charges; and on the application of the Formula to determining the Surrender Values of Life Policies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

James R. Macfadyen*
Affiliation:
Legal and General Life Assurance Society

Extract

With the exception perhaps of extra premium, there is, it seems to me, no actuarial point in which the practice of assurance offices is so empirical as that of the allowance to be given for the surrender of a policy. The usual custom, so far as I am aware, is to find the value of the policy (generally by the table of mortality and interest used in calculating the reserve) and from that value to deduct a certain proportion, handing over the remainder to the policyholder. The amount of this deduction is purely arbitrary, and were it not for the equalizing effects of competition, would show very startling diversities; since, even with this counteracting effect, the differences in practice can hardly help striking anyone who has examined the amounts given as surrender value by the various offices interested in large reassurance cases which from any reason do not follow the rule of the parent company. In fact, making any return whatever under discontinued policies is the result of that struggle for existence called competition; and like all things growing from this root, the practice has been moulded much more by the pressure of circumstances than by theoretical considerations. Consequent on this method of growth we find extraordinary and indefensible anomalies imperatively calling for rectification. Further it seems to me, looking at the matter as a purely practical question and not one of actuarial fitness at all, there is no point more needful of examination. As things are at present, nobody can say positively whether as its proportion of the value the assurance office retains too little or too much. If the former, the sooner a practice resulting in loss is reformed, the better.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Institute and Faculty of Actuaries 1873

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References

page 385 note * If ω–x be taken as 1, these formulæ become respectively For the increasing assurance, , and for the annuity, .

page 390 note * Mr. Jellicoe, in a paper is the Assurance Magazine, volume viii, page 310, considers the cheaper price of annuities than assurances to be caused by Government competition in the former. No doubt this has something to do with it, but I am disposed to think the principal reason is that annuity transactions are a large and district branch of business, on which no bonuses are paid to bondholders. “With-profit” policyholders are content to pay more than is absolutely required for the risk, in consideration of the bonuses received; and as profit policies form the great bulk of assurance business, the non-profit class does not receive the same attention. Were profit policies done away with, I think the rates for non-profit assurances would from the effects of competition very soon approximate to those for annuities.