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⁶ On the rise of mass literacy see Soltow, Lee and Stevens, Edward, The Rise of Literacy and the Common School in the United States: A Socioeconomic Analysis to 1870 (Chicago, 1981)Google Scholar; Kaestle, Carl F., Literacy in the United States: Readers and Reading Since 1880 (New Haven, 1991)Google Scholar; and Graff, Harvey J., The Legacies of Literacy: Continuities and Contradictions in Western Culture and Society (Bloomington, IN, 1987).Google Scholar

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²⁴ Social Democrat, March 3, 1898.

²⁵ Social Democratic-Herald, February 11, 1899. See also Appeal to Reason, June 1, 1895; Coming Nation, February 24, 1898.

²⁶ Appeal to Reason, November 11, 1895.

²⁷ This was possible because Blatchford did not secure American copyright protection.

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³⁸ Social Democrat, April 14, 1898.

³⁹ Ibid., February 17, 1898.

⁴⁰ Appeal to Reason, September 25, 1897.

⁴¹ Ibid., July 24, 1897.

⁴² Ibid., January 4, 1896.

⁴³ Ibid., May 7, 1898.

⁴⁴ Ibid., September 18, 1897.

⁴⁵ Social Democrat, June 2, 1898.

⁴⁶ Ibid., February 24, 1898.

⁴⁷ Ibid., March 31, 1898.

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⁷⁴ Ibid., 23.

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⁷⁶ Ibid., 16.

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