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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 June 2020
Over 2,000 Radcliffe College students, administrators, and alumnae irregularly involved themselves in World War I (WWI) activism. While most matriculating and matriculated Radcliffe members collectively contributed to war work, their individual records illuminate peculiar paradoxes that challenge historical concepts of America's WWI culture. Radcliffe females generally assumed war tasks untethered to their professional experiences and political aspirations. Many undergraduates and graduates contended that they chose, circumscribed and concluded war-connected work at their discretion—not Radcliffe's and/or America's. Moreover, domestic efforts designed to awaken Americans' war patriotism and activity encountered a decidedly dormant and indulgent Cambridge college compound. Not until fall 1918—over a year into U.S. belligerency—did Radcliffe's campus completely mobilize for ‘selfless' war service. Radcliffe's WWI-related chronicles—including its members’ post-hostilities humanitarian activity—suggest that “coercive voluntarism” and “complete citizenship” were not ubiquitous forces in WWI America.
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90 Treasurer's Report, May 12, 1917, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.
91 “The Woman Slacker,” editorial, Ladies Home Journal 34 (July 1917): 7.
92 A. Lawrence Lowell to Briggs, Aug. 10 and 24, 1917; Briggs to Susan Lyman, Aug. 19, 1917; L. Ames Brown to Briggs, Sept. 24, 1917; Briggs to unstated recipient, Aug. 1917, and Briggs to Dean Owen Templin, Oct. 8, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.
93 “Red Cross,” RN, Sept. 29, 1917; “War Courses,” RN, Oct. 12, 1917; “Undergraduates and the War,” RQ (Nov. 1917): 4–5.
94 “War Work Discussed at Mass Meeting,” RN, Sept. 29, 1917; Officers’ Meeting, Oct. 25 and Nov. 16, 1917, RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI; Secretary's Notes, Nov. 6, 1917; Augustine Georgelin to Mademoiselle, 10 fevrier [sic] 1918; Secretary Ellen Collier, Annual Report 1918; Treasurer's Reports, Nov. 28, 1917–Jan. 9, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.
95 “New Programs for Current Events Classes,” RN, Oct. 5, 1917; Margaret Garrison, “A Place for the Conscientious Objector,” RN, Oct. 5, 1917.
96 “Red Cross Report,” RN, Nov. 9, 1917.
97 “1756 Bricks Purchased for Y.M.C.A. Hut,” RN, Nov. 23, 1917.
98 Officers’ Meeting, Dec. 4, 1917; Treasurer's Report, 1917-18, RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI; Secretary's Notes, Dec. 13, 1917; Treasurer's Report, Jan. 12–25 and Mar. 11, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.
99 Delia Marble to Briggs, Jan. 11, 1918; Herbert Hoover to Briggs (copy), Jan. 15, 1918; Briggs to Hoover, Jan. 17, 1918; Paul Kennaday to Briggs, Apr. 19, 1918; Ezra Baker to Briggs, Apr. 24, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI; “Radcliffe Will Organize Farm Unit,” RN, Mar. 1, 1918; “Faculty Endorses Farm Plan,” RN, Mar. 8, 1918; Weiss, Fruits of Victory, 49, 66–69, 75–77, 169. Seale, William, The Garden Club of America: 100 Years of a Growing Legacy (Washington: Smithsonian, 2012), 10–11Google Scholar; Gowdy-Wygant, Cecilia, Cultivating Victory: The Women's Land Army and the Victory Garden Movement (Pittsburg: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013), 43–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 98–100.
100 “Stock Taking,” RN, Jan. 11, 1918.
101 “Briggs Emphasizes Surgical Dressings Work,” RN, Feb. 23, 1918; Dorothy Manks, “To the College,” RN, Mar. 22, 1918.
102 “Prof. Fitch Challenges Radcliffe,” “Where-with-all Shall They Be Clothed,” and “General Editorial,” RN, Mar. 22, 1918; D. Hodgson, “Red Cross Work Booms,” RN, Mar. 29, 1918.
103 “What Is Radcliffe Doing to Win the War?” and “Radcliffe and the War,” RN, May 17, 1918.
104 Meeting, May 24, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/18C-RCA-SL-RI; Treasurer's Report, May 21, 1918, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI; “Cercle Francais Gives Profit for Aid of Wounded” and “Red Cross Notices,” RN, May 24, 1918; “Red Cross Campaign,” RN, June 19, 1918.
105 Baker to Briggs, May 4, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RC; “Mr. Baker Promises Farm at Dummer Academy,” RN, May 10, 1918; “Our Agricultural Patriots,” RN, May 24, 1918; P. Robinson, “The Radcliffe Farm,” RQ (Dec. 1918): 132–33; ‘Byfield Farm Yields Generous Harvest,’ RN, Oct. 18, 1918; Weiss, Fruits of Victory, 48–52, 67, 144.
106 “Entire College Registers for War Work” and “College Statistics Still Uncertain,” RN, Sept. 27, 1918; Edith Smith, “Around the Apple Tree,” RQ (Dec. 1918): 24–25.
107 William Ingersoll to Briggs, Sept. 3 and Nov. 19, 1918, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI; Mastrangelo, Lisa, “World War I, Public Intellectuals and the Four Minute Men: Convergent Ideals of Public Speaking and Civic Participation,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 12 (2009): 607–09CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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110 “Red Cross Pleads for Immediate Help,” RN, Jan. 17, 1919; “War Board Ends Useful Career,” RN, Apr. 4, 1919.
111 J. Evans, “To the Editor,” RN, Nov. 7, 1919; J. Evans, “Under the Apple Tree,” RQ (Dec. 1919): 18.
112 Charles Dummer to Baker, Jan. 28, 1919, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.
113 Director General Densmore to Mrs. William Scholefield, Aug. 27, 1919 (copy), and Schofield to Briggs, Oct. 15, 1919, LBRBRec-RCA-SL-RI.
114 “Service List,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 46 [emphasis in original].
115 Baker, “Report,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 44-45; Williams to Baker, Nov. 17, 1918 and Feb. 3, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI.
116 Secretary's Report, Nov. 2 and 13, 1918; Mrs. Jasper Whiting to Ring, Nov. 5, 1919; Treasurer's Report, Nov. 14–23, 1918, Nov. 29, 1919, Oct. 5, 1921, Dec. 1, 1922, and May and Oct. 28, 1924, SNAR18-19, RCAA/RGIX/7/19C-RCA-SL-RI.
117 Paulina Fessenden, “Report of the French Orphan Committee,” Triennial Report (Dec. 1920), 6; Scrapbook, n.p., RCAAR/RG IX/7, Class of 1917 Collection, RCA-SL-RI.
118 Le Village Reconstitué: Secours et Soins aux Habitants des Villages (Puteaux: n.p. 1917), 1–3; Baker to Alumnae, Jan. 14, 1919. See also Huntington to Baker, Aug. 5, 1919, Holman to Baker, May 19, 1919, Collier to Baker, Aug. 4, 1919, Katharine Shortall to Baker, Feb. 8, 1920, Browne to Baker, June 2, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; Stockton to Baker, Jan. 16, 1919, War Department to Baker, Jan. 18, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI; Diary, May 28, 1919, Anna Eveleth Holman Papers, (hereafter AEHP)-RCA-SL-RI; May 26, 1919, Mary Ursula Burrage Letters to family (hereafter MUBL)-RCA-SL-RI; Baker, “Report,” RQ (Mar. 1919): 44–45, 86.
119 Stockton to Holman, July 10, 1919, Holman to mother, Oct. 13, 1919, AEHP-RCA-SL-RI; Sept. 3, 1919, MUBL-RCA-SL-RI.
120 Forms—Burrage and Collier, RCAAR/RGIX/8/13-RCA-SL-RI.
121 Jeffrey Brackett to Baker, Jan. 22, 1919, Eloise Tremaine to Baker, Jan. 20, 1919, Burrage to Baker, Jan. 3, 1919, Browne, Collier, Holman, and Burrage applications, n.d., Holman to Baker, Jan. 20 and Mar. 25, 1919, and Stockton to Baker, Feb. 7, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.
122 Report, June 1920, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; Treasurer's Annual Report, Aug. 31, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.
123 Browne, Collier, Holman, and Burrage applications, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.
124 Affidavit, Jan. 19, 1919, RCAAR/RGIX/8/14-RCA-SL-RI.
125 July 20 and Aug. 6 and 11, 1919, MUBL-RCA-SL-RI; Diary, July 26–28, Aug. 3–7, and Sept. 2–8, 1919, AEHP-RCA-SL-RI; Holman to Baker, Aug. 7 and 31 and Oct. 13, 1919, Collier to Baker, Aug. 4, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI.
126 Holman to Baker, Aug. 31, 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI.
127 Driving May 1919–Apr. 1920, AEHP-RCA-SL-RI; Holman to Baker, Aug. 17, 1919 and Jan. 18, 1920, Burrage to Baker, Nov. 8, 1919 and Feb. 11, 1920, Browne to Baker, June 2, June 29, July 29, Nov. 27 and 29, and Dec. 30, 1919, Huntington to Baker, Aug. 5 and 8, Oct. 9, and n.d. 1919, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; July 13 and Aug. 4, 1919, MUBL, RCA-SL-RI. Shortall, 23–37.
128 Holman Report, June 1920; Browne to Baker, Mar. 19, 1920, RCIF-RCA-SL-RI; Archives Nationales (Fontainebleau), 32 BB 289, Décret du Président de la République Française sur la Médaille de la Reconnaissance française, Aug. 6, 1919; Homage de Reconnaissance, s.d., AEHP-RCA-SL-RI.
129 McGuire, “A highly successful experiment in international partnership?,” 110.
130 Neiberg, The Path to War, 8.
131 “Radcliffe's Opportunity,” RN, Oct. 17, 1919.