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²³ The best modern treatment of Grant's Reconstruction policies is Simpson, , Reconstruction Presidents, 1–6Google Scholar, 133–96, 231–36.

²⁴ Richardson, , Messages, 7:308Google Scholar and passim.

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³⁷ The literature on the election of 1876–1877 and Hayes” southern policy is voluminous. The best brief account is Hoogenboom, , Presidency of Hayes, chs. 1–3.Google Scholar

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