Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 November 2010
For all its typically Progressive Era characteristics and national scope, the “honest weight movement” has long been hidden in plain sight. Seemingly ubiquitous and mundane, the common grocery scale was the intersecting borderland of industry, government, marketplace, and consumer. On the one hand, the regulation of weights and measures, being one of the first forms of governmental regulation of the marketplace dating back to the ancient world, seems so unobjectionable and commonplace that the Progressive Era movement for its more rigorous and efficient administration does not seem like it could have been a very controversial proposal. Who, after all, could object to clear and consistent standards of measurement and their universal application? Thus, the appearance of a movement to reform the ubiquitous and the mundane has not elicited the same historical attention that novel forms of government regulation have.
2 Brief discussion of the honest weight movement can be found in Strasser, Susan, Satisfaction Guaranteed: The Making of the American Mass Market (New York, 1989), 261–64Google Scholar.
3 The Progressive literature on the Pure Food and Drug Act is too large to encompass here. Some examples of studies of the character of Progressivism that rely on the example of the food safety laws includes: Mowry, George, Theodore Roosevelt and The Progressive Movement (New York, 1946)Google Scholar; Weibe, Robert, Businessmen and Reform: A Study of the Progressive Movement (Cambridge, MA, 1962)Google Scholar; Kolko, Gabriel, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916 (New York, 1963)Google Scholar; Keller, Morton, Affairs of State: Public Life in Tate Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA, 1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; , Irwin and Unger, Debi, The Vulnerable Years: The United States, 1896-1917 (Hinsdale, IL, 1977)Google Scholar; McCormick, Richard L., From Realignment to Reform: Political Change in New York State, 1893-1910 (Ithaca, NY, 1981)Google Scholar; Crunden, Robert M., Ministers of Reform: The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilisation, 1889-1920 (New York, 1982)Google Scholar.
4 The total value of product of “scales and balances” in 1919 was $20,641,843. 14th Census, Manufactures, (Washington, 1923), 466–67Google Scholar . In 1909 there were 80,415 “hucksters and peddlers” in the U.S. Of these, 51,797 were foreign born. 13 Census, Vol. 4, Population-Occupations (Washington, 1914), 422–23Google Scholar.
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7 Address of Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Records of the Weights and Measures Division, Bureau of Standards, Record Group 167, box 5, folder 301c, National Archives, Washington, DC.
8 Address of Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Records of the Weights and Measures Division, Bureau of Standards. Average annual full-time compensation in government service in 1919 (the first year such statistics were gathered) was $1,151. The Statistical History of the United States (Stamford, CT, 1965)Google Scholar, Series D, 685-95, p. 95; see also, Cochrane, Rexmond C., Measures for Progress (Washington, 1966)Google Scholar; Prescott, Samuel, “Samuel W Stratton,” Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 69 (Feb. 1935): 544–47Google Scholar. For general “organizational” interpretations of the origins of Progressivism, see Weibe, Robert H., The Search for Order, 1877-1920 (New York, 1967)Google Scholar; and Hays, Samuel P., The Response to Industrialism, 1885-1914 (Chicago, 1957)Google Scholar.
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21 Moneyweight advertisement labeled “Exhibit C” (n.d.), Scrapbook No. 2, Toledo Scale Papers.
22 Moneyweight Scale v. McBride, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, Oct. 19, 1908, 199 Mass. 503; 85 N.E. 870; 1439 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, Jan. 9, 1906. In 1905 Moneyweight told the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals that it had sold between 50,000 and 60,000 of these scales. Toledo had produced a total of 30,000 units by 1905, The Toledo System, April 17, 1909.
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24 Theobald to S.W Stratton, Jan. 26, 1906; Theobald to E.B. Ross, Nov. 21, 1905; “General Correspondence, 1901-1922,” box 17, folder, “IWM,” Records of the Weights and Measures Division, Bureau of Standards, RG 167.
25 Theobald to Stratton, Apr. 14, 1906, including transcript of testimony of Louis A. Fisher, Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pa., No. 291, October Term, 1904. Records of the Weights and Measures Division, Bureau of Standards.
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35 Roland Marchand finds that the first collateral advertising campaign was that of Timken Roller Bearing Company in 1912. Toledo Scale's campaigns predate this by a number of years , Marchand, Roland, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940 (Berkeley, 1985), 5Google Scholar; The Toledo System, March 4, 1910, p. 6Google Scholar.
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44 The Toledo Scale Papers scrapbooks contain a number of these ads from the Chicago Daily News, April 4, 1906Google Scholar; the Erie, PA, Daily Times, April 25, 1910Google Scholar; Boston Sunday Globe, March 20, 1910Google Scholar; and the Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph, Sept. 6, 1909Google Scholar; see also the brochure entided: “More Money—Bigger Business: Your Toledo Scales Will Bring You New Customers” in scrapbook #1, Toledo Scale Papers.
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