¹ Special issues of the Journal of American History, “Toward the Internationalization of American History: A Round Table,” 79 (September 1992): 432–52; “Rethinking History and the Nation-State: Mexico and the United States as a Case Study,” 86 (September 1999): 439–697; and “The Nation and Beyond: Transnational Perspectives on United States History,” 86 (December 1999): 965–1307.

Woodward, C. Vann, The Comparative Approach to American History (New York, 1968Google Scholar; reprinted 1997); see the retrospective review by Guarneri, Carl J. in Reviews in American History 23 (September 1995): 522–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarFredrickson, George M., The Comparative Imagination: On the History of Racism, Nationalism, and Social Movements (Berkeley, 1997).Google Scholar Thomas Bender, “La Pietra Report: Project on Internationalizing the Study of American History: A Report to the Profession” (Organization of American Historians, 2000).

² See for example, Haydu, Jeffrey, Between Craft and Class: Skilled Workers and Factory Politics in the United States and Britain, 1890–1922 (Berkeley, 1988)Google Scholar; Freyer, Tony, Regulating Big Business: Antitrust in Great Britain and America, 1880–1990 (Cambridge, MA, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Allen, H.C. and Thompson, Roger, eds., Contrast and Connection: Bicentennial Essays in Anglo-American History (Athens, OH, 1976)Google Scholar; Keller, Morton, “Anglo-American Politics, 1900–1930 Perspective: A Case Study in Comparative History,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (July 1980): 458–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Englander, David, ed., Britain and America: Studies in Comparative History, 1760–1970 (New Haven, 1997).Google Scholar

³ Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990)Google Scholar; Rodgers, Daniel T., Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA, 1998).Google Scholar Recent comparisons of France and the United States include Klaus, Alisa, Every Child a Lion: The Origins of Maternal and Infant Health Policy in the United States and France, 1890–1920 (Ithaca, 1993)Google Scholar; Friedman, Gerald, State-Making and Labor Movements: France and the United States, 1876–1914 (Ithaca, 1998).Google Scholar

⁴ Mann, Michael, The Sources of Social Power, vol.11, The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760–1914 (Cambridge, UK, 1993).Google Scholar Europe is the principal focus of comparison in Kloppenberg, James T., Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920 (New York, 1986)Google Scholar; Kander, Ulla W., Kessler-Harris, Alice, and Lewis, Jane, eds., Protecting Women: Labor Legislation in Europe, the United States, and Australia (Urbana, 1995)Google Scholar; Marks, Gary W., Unions in Politics: Britain, Germany, and the United States in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (Princeton, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hughes, Thomas P., Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 (Baltimore, 1983)Google Scholar; Gourevitch, Peter, Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises (Ithaca, 1986)Google Scholar; Koven, Seth and Michel, Sonya, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York, 1993).Google Scholar Most cross-national comparisons in Vann Woodward's The Comparative Approach measured the United States against Western Europe.

⁵ Halpern, Rick and Morris, Jonathan, eds., American Exceptionalism? U.S. Working Class Formation in an International Context (New York, 1997)Google Scholar and Lipset, Seymour M. and Marks, Gary, It Didn't Happen Here: Why Socialism Failed in the United States (New York, 2000)Google Scholar cite most of the relevant recent literature.

⁶ Lipset, Seymour M., Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada (New York, 1990)Google Scholar; Bogue, Margaret Beattie, Fishing the Great Lakes: An Environmental History, 1783–1933 (Madison, WI, 2000)Google Scholar; Haines, Michael R. and Steckel, Richard H., eds., A Population History of North America (New York, 2000)Google Scholar; MacDonald, Norbert, Distant Neighbors: A Comparative History of Seattle and Vancouver (Lincoln, NE, 1987)Google Scholar; Watts, Ronald L., “The American Constitution in Comparative Perspective: A Comparison of Federalism in the United States and Canada,” Journal of American History 74 (December 1987): 769–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Esman, Milton J., “Federalism and Modernization: Canada and the United States,” Publius 14 (1984): 21–38.Google ScholarKelley, Robert, The Transatlantic Persuasion: The Liberal Democratic Mind in the Age of Gladstone (New York, 1969)Google Scholar includes Canada as well as Britain and the United States.

⁷ Nugent, Walter, Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870–1914 (Bloomington, IN, 1992).Google Scholar

⁸ Allen, Robert C., “Real Incomes in the English-speaking World, 1879–1913,” in Labour Market Evolution, eds., Grantham, George and Mackinnon, M. (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Tyrrell, Ian, Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880–1930 (Chapel Hill, 1991).Google Scholar

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¹⁰ Kemp, Tom, Historical Patterns of Industrialization (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; Landes, David, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor (New York, 1998).Google Scholar

¹¹ Yergin, Daniel, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991).Google Scholar

¹² Haines and Steckel, Population History of North America, includes chapters on Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean.

¹³ Mazlish, Bruce, “Comparing Global to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28 (Winter 1998): 385–95Google Scholar; Geyer, Meyer and Bright, Charles, “World History in a Global Age.,” American Historical Review 100 (October 1995): 1034–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarHeld, David, et. al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture (Stanford, 1999)Google Scholar, synthesizes globalization from a social scientific perspective. Also see Tilly, Charles (a sociologist), Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons (New York, 1984).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Thelen, , “The Nation and Beyond,” 974.Google Scholar Also see Tyrrell, Ian, “American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History,” American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1031–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and McGerr, Michael, “The Price of the ‘New’ Transnational History,” American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1056–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ For example, see the valuable collection of international statistics compiled by Mitchell, Brian R., International Historical Statistics: Africa, Asia, and Oceania, 1750–1993, 3rd ed. (New York, 1998)Google Scholar, International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–1993, 4th ed. (New York, 1998), International Historical Statistics: The Americas, 1750–1993, 4th ed. (New York, 1998).

¹⁶ O'Rourke, Kevin H. and Williamson, Jeffrey G., Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, MA, 1999).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Mann, The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, offers a five country comparison of the expansion of state power during the long nineteenth century. Fredrickson, Comparative Imagination, ch. 3, discusses the criticisms of using nation-states for comparative history.

¹⁸ Turner, Frederick Jackson, “Sections and Nations,” The Yale Review (October 1922)Google Scholar, reprinted in Billington, Ray A., Frontier and Section (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1961): 136–37.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See for example Hamer, David, New Towns in the New World: Images and Perceptions of the Nineteenth-Century Urban Frontier (New York, 1990).Google Scholar The populations of larger cities of the world are given in Mitchell, International Historical Statistics.

²⁰ Fredrickson, , Comparative Imagination, 4, 11, 56, 62.Google Scholar

²¹ Mann, The Rise of Classes and Nation-States and Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times, used five countries. Gourevitch's cases were Germany, Britain, France, Sweden, and the United States. O'Rourke and Williamson, Globalization and History, used up to 17 countries in their study.

²² For example, Kander, Protecting Women; Koven and Michel, Mothers of a New World; Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., Amatori, Franco, and Hikino, Takashi, eds., Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, MA, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bordo, Michael D. and Capie, Forrest, Monetary Regimes in Transition (Cambridge, UK, 1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²³ Black, C.E., The Dynamics of Modernization: Study in Comparative History (New York, 1966)Google Scholar discusses the properties of comparisons.

²⁴ Skocpol, Theda, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA, 1992)Google Scholar; Preston, Samuel H. and Haines, Michael R., Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Teaford, Jon C., The Unheralded Triumph: City Government in America, 1870–1900 (Baltimore, 1984)Google Scholar; Keller, Morton, Regulating a New Economy: Public Policy and Economic Change in America, 1900–1933 (Cambridge, MA, 1990).Google Scholar Most of the essays in Vann Woodward, Comparative Approach, fall into this category; with a few exceptions, most of the chapters used comparison to amplify aspects of American development rather than as the principal fulcrum of analysis.

²⁵ See for example Tylecote, Andrew, The Long Wave in the World Economy (New York, 1991)Google Scholar; Cameron, Rondo, A Concise Economic History of the World, 2nd ed. (New York, 1993)Google Scholar; Kemp, Historical Patterns of Industrialization; Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations; Steams, Peter, The Industrial Revolution in World History (Boulder, CO, 1998).Google Scholar

²⁶ Bairoch, Paul, “The Main Trends in National Economic Disparities since the Industrial Revolution,” in Disparities in Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution, eds., Bairoch, Paul and Levy-Leboyer, Maurice (New York, 1981)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; O'Rourke and Williamson, Globalization and History, as well as income studies cited therein. Gallman, Robert E., “Economic Growth and Structural Change in the Long Nineteenth Century,” in The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. 2, eds., Engerman, Stanley and Gallman, Robert (New York, 2000)Google Scholar provides recent estimates of national income.

²⁷ Bagwell, Philip S. and Mingay, G. E., Britain and America, 1850–1939: A Study of Economic Change (London, 1970)Google Scholar, is a partial exception; the authors called their work a text. Also see Agnew, John, The United States in the World-Economy: A Regional Geography (New York, 1987).Google Scholar

²⁸ Chandler, Scale and Scope. Blackford, Mansel G., The Rise of Modern Business in Great Britain, the United States, and Japan (Chapel Hill, 1988)Google Scholar is a fine short treatment of its subject.

²⁹ Chandler, , Scale and Scope, esp. 286–94.Google Scholar

³⁰ Also see Allen, Robert C., “International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850–1913,” Journal of Economic History 39 (December 1979): 924–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which examined the U.S., Britain, and Germany.

³¹ Freyer, Regulating Big Business.

³² Dobbin, Frank, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the Railway Age (New York, 1994).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³³ Blackford, , Rise of Modern Business, 105–14.Google Scholar

³⁴ Chandler, , Scale and Scope, 73.Google Scholar Also see Keller, , Regulating a New Economy, esp. ch. 2 and 3.Google Scholar

³⁵ O'Rourke and Williamson, Globalization and History; Cameron, Economic History of the World; Tylecote, The Long Wave in the World Economy; Held, Global Transformations; Michael D. Bordo, B. Eichengreen, and Douglas Irwin, “Is Globalization Today Really Different than Globalization a Hundred Years Ago?” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 7195 (June 1999).

³⁶ Allen, “Real Incomes in the English-Speaking World.” Also see Brown, E. H. Phelps with Browne, Margaret H., A Century of Pay: The Course of Pay and Production in France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, andthe United States of America, 1860–1960 (London, 1968).Google Scholar

³⁷ Nugent, Crossings.

³⁸ See for example Sharp, Paul F., “Three Frontiers: Some Comparative Studies of Canadian, American and Australian Settlement,” Pacific Historical Review 24 (November 1955): 369–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Allen, Henry C., Bush and Backwoods: A Comparison of the Frontier in Australia and the United States (East Lansing, MI, 1959)Google Scholar; Thompson, Leonard and Lamar, Howard, The Frontier in History: North America and South Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981).Google Scholar See also Nugent, Walter, “Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Western Historical Quarterly 20 (November 1989): 393–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Limerick, Patricia Nelson, “Going West and Ending Up Global,” The Western Historical Quarterly 32 (Spring 2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar Version used here is http://www.historycooperative.Org/journals/whq/32.l/ See also Adas, Michael, “From Settler Colony to Global Hegemon: Integrating the Exceptionalist Narrative of the American Experience into World History,” American Historical Review 106 (December 2001): 1692–1720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁹ Zunz, Oliver, The Changing Face of Inequality: Urbanization, Industrial Development, and Immigrants in Detroit, 1880–1920 (Chicago, 1982), ch. 6, esp. 152–74.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Wilkins, Mira, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from Colonial Times to 1914 (Cambridge, MA, 1970)Google Scholar; Chandler, Scale and Scope.

⁴¹ Wilkins, , Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 84. Also see Yergin, The Prize.Google Scholar

⁴² Hughes, Networks of Power; Jeremy, David J., ed., International Technology Transfer: Europe, Japan, and the USA, 1700–1914 (Aldershot, Hants, UK, 1991).Google Scholar

⁴³ Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987), 245.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Wilkins, Mira, A History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 (Cambridge, MA, 1989).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Wilkins, , Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 130–34, 139–44Google Scholar, Table V.2 at 110. Faulkner, Harold U., The End of Laissez Faire, 1897–1917 (New York, 1951), ch. 4Google Scholar, “Development of Economic Imperialism,” remains a good introduction despite its age; esp. see 73–77.

⁴⁶ Kindleberger, Charles, Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises (New York, 1996), esp. 120–21Google Scholar; Bordo, Michael D., “The Impact and International Transmission of Financial Crisis: Some Historical Evidence, 1870–1933,” Revista di Storia Economica 2 (1985): 41–78Google Scholar; Michael D. Bordo and Antu P. Murshid, “Are Financial Crises Becoming Increasingly More Contagious? What is the Historical Evidence on Contagion?” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 7900 (September 2000), esp. 13.

⁴⁷ Rostow, W.W., The Great Population Spike and After (New York, 1998), 101.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Randall, Laura, A Comparative Economic History of Latin America, 1500–1914, 4 vols. (Ann Arbor, MI, 1977)Google Scholar, esp. vol. 1 (Mexico), 217–18, 232, 262; Canili, Keven J., “The U.S. Bank Panic of 1907 and the Mexican Depression of 1908–1909,” The Historian 60 (Summer 1998): 795–811Google Scholar; Chambers, E. J., “Late Nineteenth Century Business Cycles in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 30 (August 1964): 391–412CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hay, K. A. J., “Money and Cycles in Post-Confederation Canada,” Journal of Political Economy 75 (June 1967): 263–73Google Scholar; Bordo, , “International Transmission of Financial Crisis,” 61; Allen, “Incomes in the English-Speaking World,” 116.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ On suffrage conditions world-wide, see Katz, Richard, Democracy and Elections (New York, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. tables 13.1 and 13.3; Rokkan, Stein, Citizens, Elections, Parties (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; Mann, , Rise of Classes, 344, 346Google Scholar; Rodgers, , Atlantic Crossings, 35Google Scholar, 36, 124, 283; Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 8512 (October 2001), esp. table 3. Still useful is Bryce, James, Modern Democracies (New York, 1921).Google Scholar I supplemented these sources with The Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. (New York, 1910–1911), esp. vol. 28, 216–17, and sundry national studies.

⁵¹ Evans, Richard J., The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America, and Australasia, 1840–1920 (London, 1977)Google Scholar; Voris, Jacqueline Van, Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life (New York, 1987)Google Scholar; Harper, Ida Husted, “The World Movement for Woman Suffrage,” American Review of Reviews (December 1911): 725–29Google Scholar; Morgan, David, “Woman Suffrage in Britain and America in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Allen and Thompson, Contrast and Connection, 272–95.Google Scholar

⁵² Fredrickson, White Supremacy.

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⁵⁴ Kelley, Transatlantic Persuasion; Kloppenberg, Uncertain Victory.

⁵⁵ Teaford, , Unheralded Triumph, ch. 8Google Scholar, 9, esp. 247, 263. On comparative infant mortality, see Preston, and Haines, , Fatal Years, 58–60.Google Scholar On education, see Fishlow, Albert, “Levels of Nineteenth Century American Investment in Education,” Journal of Economic History 26 (December 1966): 432–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁵⁹ Hobsbawm, Eric, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, UK, 1990)Google Scholar; Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Greenfeld, Lian, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA, 1992).Google Scholar

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⁶¹ Gourevitch, , Politics in Hard Times, esp. ch. 3.Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ Hobson, , Wealth of Nations, 205–10Google Scholar, 240–1, and tables 5.9 and 5.10.

⁶⁶ Bogue, Fishing the Great Lakes. Watts, “American Constitutionalism in Comparative Perspective,” and Esman, “Federalism and Modernization” cite much of the literature on American and Canadian federalism.

⁶⁷ Rodgers, , Atlantic Crossings, esp. ch. 2, 4Google Scholar; Mowry, George, “Social Democracy, 1910–1918,” in Vann Woodward, Comparative Approach, 271–84Google Scholar; Morgan, Kenneth O., “The Future At Work: Anglo-American Progressivism, 1890–1917,” in Allen and Thompson, Contrast and Connection, 245–71.Google Scholar Keller, Regulating a New Economy, offers succinct comparisons with Europe.

⁶⁸ Marks, , Unions in Politics, 73–75, 83–92Google Scholar; Rodgers, , Atlantic Crossings, 58–59Google Scholar; Mann, , Rise of Classes, 633–35, 644–54Google Scholar; Friedman, , State-Making, esp. 40, 46, 254, 181–83.Google Scholar

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⁷⁴ Cahill, “The United States Bank Panic of 1907.”