Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:21:23.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Desire's Own Reasons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2022

Abstract

In this essay I ask if there are reasons that count in favor of having a desire in virtue of its attitudinal nature. I call those considerations desire's own reasons. I argue that desire's own reasons are considerations that explain why a desire meets its constitutive standard of correctness and that it meets this standard when its satisfaction would also be satisfactory to the subject who has it. Reasons that bear on subjective satisfaction are fit to regulate desires through experience and imagination because desires are naturally sensitive to them. I also analyze the limits of application that such reasons have and how desire's own reasons relate to other kinds of reasons.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Philosophical Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

My gratitude goes out to the audiences at the Department of Philosophy Talk-Shop at Harvard University, the 2019 meeting of Central Division of the American Philosophical Association in Denver, the Department of Philosophy work-in-progress seminar at Tartu University, and the Tokyo Workshop on Agency and Rationality 2019. Special thanks to Rachel Achs, Derek Baker, Selim Berker, Alex Davies, Sandy Diehl, Paul Katsafanas, Robbie Kubala, Kengo Miyazono, Patrick Shirreff, and two anonymous referees of this journal. The research described in this essay was supported by JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research in Japan (Standard), JSPS KAKENHI (19F19762).

References

Adler, Jonathan E. (2006) Belief's Own Ethics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Arpaly, Nomy, and Schroeder, Timothy. (2014) In Praise of Desire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Braun, David. (2015) ‘Desiring, Desires, and Desire Ascriptions’. Philosophical Studies, 172, 141–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carruthers, Peter. (2018) ‘Valence and Value’. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 97, 658–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Brian L., and Tiffany, Stephen T.. (1999) ‘Meta-analysis of Cue-Reactivity in Addiction Research’. Addiction, 94, 327–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, Pearl H., Lohrenz, Terry M., and Montague, P. Read. (2008) ‘Smokers’ Brains Compute, but Ignore, a Fictive Error Signal in a Sequential Investment Task’. Nature Neuroscience, 11, 514–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté-Bouchard, Charles. (2016) ‘Can the Aim of Belief Ground Epistemic Normativity?’. Philosophical Studies, 173, 3181–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Arms, Justin, and Jacobson, Daniel. (2000) ‘Sentiment and Value’. Ethics, 100: 722–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Arms, Justin, and Jacobson, Daniel. (2014) ‘Wrong Kinds of Reason and the Opacity of Normative Force’. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, 9, 215–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, Antonio. (2019) The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Damasio, Antonio, and Damasio, Hanna. (2016) ‘Exploring the Concept of Homeostasis and Considering Its Implications for Economics’. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 126, 125–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Sousa, Ronald. (1998) ‘Desire and Serendipity’. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 22, 120–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enoch, David. (2006) ‘Agency, Shmagency: Why Normativity Won't Come from What Is Constitutive of Action’. Philosophical Review, 115, 169–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaesser, Brendan, and Schacter, Daniel L.. (2014) ‘Episodic Simulation and Episodic Memory Can Increase Intentions to Help Others’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 4415–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaesser, Brendan, DiBiase, Haley D., and Kensinger, Elizabeth A.. (2017) ‘A Role for Affect in the Link between Episodic Simulation and Pro-sociality’. Memory, 25, 1052–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaesser, Brendan, Horn, Mary, and Young, Liane. (2015) ‘When Can Imagining the Self Increase Willingness to Help Others? Investigating Whether the Self-Referential Nature of Episodic Simulation Fosters Pro-sociality’. Social Cognition, 33, 562–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaesser, Brendan, Shimura, Yuki, and Cikara, Mina. (2020) ‘Episodic Simulation Reduces Intergroup Bias in Prosocial Intentions and Behavior’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118, 683705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldie, Peter. (2000) The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alan H. (2017) ‘What Desires Are, and Are Not’. Philosophical Studies, 174, 333–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haasova, Simona, Elekes, Botond, Missbach, Benjamin, and Florack, Arnd. (2016) ‘Effects of Imagined Consumption and Simulated Eating Movements on Food Intake: Thoughts about Food Are Not Always of Advantage’. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, article no. 1691. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, Jennifer. (2008) ‘Desiring the Bad under the Guise of the Good’. Philosophical Quarterly, 58, 244–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haybron, Dan. (2007) ‘Life Satisfaction, Ethical Reflection, and the Science of Happiness’. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 99138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazlett, Allan. (2019) ‘The Guise of the Good and the Problem of Partiality’. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 49, 851–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keesman, Mike, Aarts, Henk, Vermeent, Stefan, Häfner, Michael, and Papies, Esther K.. (2016) ‘Consumption Simulations Induce Salivation to Food Cues’. PloS one, 11, article e0165449. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, Thomas. (2002) ‘The Rationality of Belief and Some Other Propositional Attitudes’. Philosophical Studies, 110, 163–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemps, Eva, and Tiggemann, Marika. (2015) ‘A Role for Mental Imagery in the Experience and Reduction of Food Cravings’. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 193, 14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemps, Eva, Tiggemann, Marika, Woods, Davinia, and Soekov, Belinda. (2004) ‘Reduction of Food Cravings through Concurrent Visuospatial Processing’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 3140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lohrenz, Terry M., McCabe, Kevin, Camerer, Colin F., and Montague, P. Read. (2007) ‘Neural Signature of Fictive/Counterfactual Learning Signals in a Sequential Investment Task’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 9493–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lycan, William G. (2012) ‘Desire Considered as a Propositional Attitude’. Philosophical Perspectives, 26, 201–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, Jessica. (2012) Aristotle on the Apparent Good: Perception, Phantasia, Thought, and Desire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, Thomas. (1970) The Possibility of Altruism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Oddie, Graham. (2005) Value, Reality, and Desire. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papies, Esther K. (2013) ‘Tempting Food Words Activate Eating Simulations’. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, article no. 838. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papies, Esther K., Best, Maisy, Gelibter, Elena, and Barsalou, Lawrence W.. (2017) ‘The Role of Simulations in Consumer Experiences and Behavior: Insights from the Grounded Cognition Theory of Desire’. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2, 402–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papineau, David. (1993) Philosophical Naturalism. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Papineau, David. (1998) ‘Teleosemantics and Indeterminacy’. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 76, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinz, Jesse. (2010) ‘For Valence’. Emotion Review, 2, 513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowicz, Wlodek, and Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni. (2004) ‘The Strike of the Demon: On Fitting Pro-attitudes and Value’. Ethics, 104, 391423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowicz, Wlodek, and Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni. (2006) ‘Buck-Passing and the Right Kind of Reasons’. Philosophical Quarterly, 56, 114–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Railton, Peter. (2017) ‘Learning as an Inherent Dynamic of Belief and Desire’. In Lauria, Federico and Deonna, Julien A. (eds.), The Nature of Desire (New York: Oxford University Press), 249–76.Google Scholar
Realo, Anu, Johannson, Janika, and Schmidt, Monika. (2017) ‘Subjective Well-Being and Self-Reported Health in Osteoarthritis Patients before and after Arthroplasty’. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 1191–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renner, Fritz, Murphy, Fionnuala C., Ji, Julie L., Manly, Tom, and Holmes, Emily A.. (2019) ‘Mental Imagery as a “Motivational Amplifier” to Promote Activities’. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 114, 5159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosati, Connie S. (2009) ‘Relational Good and the Multiplicity Problem’. Philosophical Issues, 19, 205–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, Mark. (2012) ‘The Ubiquity of State-Given Reasons’. Ethics, 122, 457–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, Timothy. (2004) Three Faces of Desire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, Nishi. (2006) ‘A New Argument for Evidentialism’. Philosophical Quarterly, 56, 481–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharadin, Nathaniel. (2015) ‘Reasons Wrong and Right’. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 97, 371–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stampe, Dennis W. (1987) ‘The Authority of Desire’. Philosophical Review, 96, 335–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, L. W. (1996) Welfare, Happiness, and Ethics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sylvan, Kurt. (2015) ‘What Apparent Reasons Appear to Be’. Philosophical Studies, 172, 587606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tenenbaum, Sergio. (2007) Appearances of the Good: An Essay on the Nature of Practical Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiggemann, Marika, and Kemps, Eva. (2005) ‘The Phenomenology of Food Cravings: The Role of Mental Imagery’. Appetite, 45, 305–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, Timothy D., and Gilbert, Daniel T.. (2005) ‘Affective Forecasting: Knowing What to Want’. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 131–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar