Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T23:58:24.818Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Enduring Questions and the Ethics of Memory Blunting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2017

JOSEPH VUKOV*
Affiliation:
LOYOLA UNIVERSITY [email protected]

Abstract:

Memory blunting is a pharmacological intervention that decreases the emotional salience of memories. The technique promises a brighter future for those suffering from memory-related disorders such as PTSD, but it also raises normative questions about the limits of its permissibility. So far, neuroethicists have staked out two primary camps in response to these questions. In this paper, I argue both are problematic. I then argue for an alternative approach to memory blunting, one that can accommodate the considerations that motivate rival approaches even while avoiding the problems these rivals face. In addition to arguing for this primary thesis, the paper also aims to suggest something about neuroethics generally: despite what some neuroethicists claim, new discoveries in neuroscience may not typically upend traditional views of morality. Rather, discoveries in neuroscience often provide us with new occasions to reflect on enduring questions about what it means to be human.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Philosophical Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Asch, A., and Block, J.. (2011) ‘Against the Enhancement Project: Two Perspectives’. Free Inquiry, 32, 2533.Google Scholar
Ballantyne, N., and Tosi, J.. (2015) ‘David Foster Wallace on the Good Life’. In Cahn, S. and Eckert, M. (eds.), Freedom and the Self: Essays on the Philosophy of David Foster Wallace (New York: Columbia University Press), 133–68.Google Scholar
Berger, E. M., and Gert, B. M.. (1991) ‘Genetic Disorders and the Ethical Status of Germ-line Gene Therapy’. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 16, 667–83.Google Scholar
Brunet, A., Orr, S. P., Tremblay, J., et al. (2008) ‘Effect of Post-retrieval Propanolol on Psychophysiologic Responding during Subsequent Script-driven Traumatic Imagery in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder’. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 503506.Google Scholar
Buchanan, A., Brock, D. W., Daniels, N., and Wickler, D.. (2000) From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cahill, L., Prins, B., Weber, M., et al. (1994) ‘Beta-adrenergic Activation and Memory for Emotional Events’. Nature, 371, 702704.Google Scholar
Christman, J. (2009) ‘Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy’. In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/autonomy-moral/.Google Scholar
Cottingham, J. (2010) ‘Integrity and Fragmentation’. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 27, 214.Google Scholar
Daniels, N. (1985) Just Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniels, N. (2000) ‘Normal Functioning and the Treatment-enhancement Distinction’. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 9, 309–22.Google Scholar
Davis, M. (2006) ‘Neural Systems Involved in Fear and Anxiety Measure with Fear-potential Startle’. American Psychologist, 61, 741–56.Google Scholar
DeGrazia, D. (2005) Human Identity and Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Descartes, R. (1991) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Vol. 3, Correspondence. Translated by Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., Murdoch, D., and Kenny, A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
de Sousa, R. (2014) ‘Emotion’. In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/emotion/.Google Scholar
Elliott, C. (1998) ‘The Tyranny of Happiness: Ethics and Cosmetic Psychopharmacology’. In Parens, E. (ed.), Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press): 177–88.Google Scholar
Engelhardt, H. T. (1990) ‘Human Nature Technologically Revisited’. Social Philosophy and Policy, 8, 180–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erler, A. (2011) ‘Does Memory Modification Threaten our Authenticity?Neuroethics, 4, 235–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, M., and Heberlein, A.. (2007) ‘Personhood and Neuroscience: Naturalizing or Nihilating?American Journal of Bioethics: Neuroscience, 7, 3748.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. (1971) ‘Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person’. Journal of Philosophy, 68 520.Google Scholar
Gershuny, B. S., Baer, L., Parker, H., et al. (2008) ‘Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Treatment-resistant Obsessive-compulsive Disorder’. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 6971.Google Scholar
Gert, B., Culver, C. M., and Clouser, K. D.. (2006) Bioethics: A Systematic Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, B. (1994) Medicine, Rationality, and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grau, C., ed. (2009) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Greene, J. (2014) ‘Beyond Point and Shoot Morality: Why Cognitive (neuro)Science Matters for Ethics’. Ethics, 124, 695726.Google Scholar
Harris, J. (2007) Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, J. (2011) ‘Chemical Cognitive Enhancement: Is it Unfair, Unjust, Discriminatory, or Cheating for Healthy Adults to use Smart Drugs?’ In Illes, Judy and Sahakian, Barbara (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 265–72.Google Scholar
Heim, C., and Nemeroff, C. B.. (2001) ‘The Role of Childhood Trauma in the Neurobiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Preclinical and Clinical Studies’. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 1023–39.Google Scholar
Juengst, E. T. (1997) ‘Can Enhancement be Distinguished from Prevention in Genetic Medicine?Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 22, 125–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juengst, E., and Moseley, D.. (2016) ‘Human Enhancement’. In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.standford.edu/archives/spr2016/enhancement/.Google Scholar
Kass, L. (1985). Toward a More Natural Science: Biology and Human Affairs. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Kindt, M., Soeter, M., and Vervliet, B.. (2009) ‘Beyond Extinction: Erasing Human Fear Responses and Preventing the Return of Fear’. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 256–58.Google Scholar
Kolber, A. (2006) ‘Therapeutic Forgetting: The Legal and Ethical Implications of Memory Dampening’. Vanderbilt Law Review, 59, 1561–626.Google Scholar
Kolber, A. (2014) ‘The Limited Right to Alter Memory’. Journal of Medical Ethics, 40, 658–59.Google Scholar
Levy, N. (2007) Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liao, S. M. (2016) Moral Brains: The Neuroscience of Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Liao, S. M., and Sandberg, A.. (2008) ‘The Normativity of Memory Modification’. Neuroethics, 1, 8599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litton, P. (2005) ‘ADHD, Values, and the Self’. American Journal of Bioethics, 5, 6567.Google Scholar
Lonergan, M. H., Olivera-Figueroa, L. A., Pitman, R. K., and Brunet, A.. (2013) ‘Propranolol's Effects on the Consolidation and Reconsolidation of Long-term Emotional Memory in Healthy Participants: A Meta-analysis’. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 38, 222–31.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979) ‘Moral Luck’. In Mortal Questions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2438.Google Scholar
President's Council on Bioethics. (2003) ‘Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness’. Washington, DC: The President's Council on Bioethics.Google Scholar
Sartre, J. P. ([1943]2003). Being and Nothingness. Translated by Hazel E. Barnes. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sartre, J. P. (1965) Anti-Semite and Jew. Translated by G. Becker. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Savulescu, J., ter Muelen, R., and Kahane, G., eds. (2011). Enhancing Human Capabilities. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvers, A. (1998) ‘A Fatal Attraction to Normalizing: Treating Disabilities as Deviations from “Species-typical” Functioning’. In Parens, E. (ed.), Enhancing Human Traits (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press), 177202.Google Scholar
Schechtman, M. (1996) The Constitution of Selves. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Spinhoven, P., Elzinga, B. M., Hovens, J. G., et al. (2010) ‘The Specificity of Childhood Adversities and Negative Life Events across the Life Span to Anxiety and Depressive Disorders’. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126, 103–12.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (1991) The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Varga, S., and Guignon, C.. (2016) ‘Authenticity’. In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/authenticity/.Google Scholar