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Temoq, Semelai, Semaq Beri and Jakun: Using Orang Asli ethnonyms to reconstruct Orang Asli ethnohistory
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2023
Abstract
This article investigates the history of the ethnonyms Temoq, Semelai, Semaq Beri and Jakun, which label Orang Asli groups in the south-central lowlands of Peninsular Malaysia. It combines ethnographic and historical accounts and census analysis to argue that each of these ethnonyms, in the twentieth century, became attached to the groups that now carry them by R.J. Wilkinson and other colonial administrator/anthropologists who were primarily concerned with finding traces of supposed primitive ancestors of modern humans, but who determined that language had to be used as a proxy toward that end. Clarifying the basis of that classification makes the system of ethnonyms that became official somewhat clearer. The article delves deepest into the genesis of ‘Temoq’, through an analysis of the ethnography of H.D. Collings and through the linguistics of the word. It argues that the Semelai word tmoʔ derives from the Malay word tembok [təmboʔ], meaning ‘tattered and dissolute in appearance’, and has been used by the Semelai to achieve social distance from the Temoq, who the Semelai also call /smaʔ bri/ ‘forest people’. It further suggests that the people now known as Temoq may themselves have once been known as ‘Semelai’.
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- Research Article
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- Copyright © The National University of Singapore, 2023
Footnotes
The author would like to thank Keene State College Faculty Grants, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the National Geographic Society, the Marion and Jasper Whiting Foundation, and the National Science Foundation, Dr Chin See Chung, and Dato’ Dr Hood Mohamad Salleh for sponsorship of this research, and the Economic Planning Unit and the Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (Department of Orang Asli Development) for research permission. Karen Endicott, Kirk Endicott, and Nicole Kruspe for their careful reading and comments. Finally, I thank Eng Tek, Romani Mohamad, the Semelai, and other Orang Asli, who have helped me in so many ways.
References
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100 Ibid., p. 80.
101 Fieldnotes, 28 July 1987.
102 Fieldnotes, 9 Feb. 1998.
103 Collings, ‘A Temoq list’.
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