Article contents
Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 April 2011
Extract
To analyze Vietnamese social organization, we must put aside ourimage of it as similar to that of China, with its patrilineal clans. Writings on Vietnam have portrayed a country molded by its northern neighbour in the “thousand years of Chinese domination” of the first millennium A.D. to such an extent that all things Vietnamese must needs be seen in a Chinese and indeed a Confucian light. Socially, this means domination by the male and the father, patrilineal succession, and clan organization, that is, a certain rigidity in social organization.
- Type
- Symposium on Societal Organization in Mainland Southeast Asia Prior to the Eighteenth Century
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1984
References
1 Woodside, Alexander B., Vietnam and the Chinese Model (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 21–37, 44–46. See alsoCrossRefGoogle ScholarInsun, Yu, “Law and Family in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam”(Ph. D. diss., University of Michigan, 1978), p. 115.Google Scholar
2 , Hildred & Geertz, Clifford, Kinship in Bali (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975)Google Scholar; Geertz, Clifford, Negara (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 28Google Scholar; Boon, James A., The Anthropological Romance of Bali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 63–65,69;Google ScholarSpiro, Melford E., Kinship and Marriage in Burma (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 69–73, 96–97. Also of interest isGoogle ScholarKemp, Jeremy H., “Kinship and the Management of Personal Relations: Kin Terminologies and the ‘Axiom of Amity’”, Bijdragen 139, no. 1 (1983): 81–98Google Scholar.
3 Brown, D.E., Principles of Social Structure: Southeast Asia (London: Duckworth, 1976), p. 61.Google Scholar
4 , Gecrtz, Negara, pp. 26–28, 34ff (quotation, p. 26)Google Scholar.
5 , Brown, Principles, pp. 163–71Google Scholar.
6 Taylor, Keith W., The Birth of Vietnam (Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 13, 34, 36,39,175–78,130. See also hisGoogle Scholar“An Evaluation of the Chinese Period in Vietnamese History”, The Journal of Asiatic Studies (Seoul) 23, no. 1 (1980): 146–48Google Scholar.
7 Wolters, O.W., “Le Van Huu's Treatment of Ly Than Ton's Reign (1127–1137)”, in Southeast Asian History and Historiography, ed. Cowan, C. D. & Wolters, O. W. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1976), pp. 203–26Google Scholar;, Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 168–69Google Scholar.
8 Kirsch, A. Thomas, “Kinship, Genealogical Claims, and Societal Integration in Ancient Khmer Society: An Interpretation”, in , Cowan & , Wolters, Southeast Asian History, pp. 190–202;Google Scholar, Taylor, Birth, pp. 264, 266,281–84;Google Scholar, Wolters, “Le Van Huu”; Whitmore, J. K., “Crisis, Reform, and Defeat: Vietnam and Ho Quy Ly, 1371–1407”, ms., 1976Google Scholar.
9 , Wolters, “Le Van Huu”, pp. 214, 224Google Scholar.
10 Ibid., pp. 223–26; Wolters, O.W., “Historians and Emperors in Vietnam and China: Comments Arising Out of Le Van Huu's History, Presented to the Tran Court in 1272”, in Perceptions of the Past in Southeast Asia, ed. Reid, Anthony & Marr, David (Singapore: Heinemann, 1979), pp. 69–89;Google ScholarWhitmore, J.K., “Note: The Vietnamese Confucian Scholar's View of His Country's Early History”, in Explorations in Early Southeast Asian History, ed. Hall, K.R. & Whitmore, J. K. (Ann Arbor, Mich., Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, 1976), pp. 193–203;Google Scholar, Taylor, Birth, p. 284.Google Scholar
11 Yu, , “Law and Family”, pp. 22–24Google Scholar, 48–49, 57–59, 64–66; Huy, Nguyen Ngoc, “Le Code des Le: ‘QuocTrieu Hinh Luat” ou 'Lois Penales de la Dynastie Nationale’”, Bulletin de I'École Française d'Extrâme Orient(BEFEO) 67 (1980): 147–220;Google ScholarHuy, Nguyen Ngoc, “On the Process of Codification of The National Dynasty's Penal Laws (Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat)”, The Vietnam Forum 1 (1983): 34–57Google Scholar;Tai, Ta Van, “The Status ofWomen in Traditional Vietnam: A Comparison of the Code of the Le Dynasty (1428–1788) with the Chinese Codes”, Journal of Asian History 15, no. 2 (1981): 97–145.Google Scholar Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai have completed an excellent translation and annotation of the Le Code, which hopefully will be published in the near future.
12 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 11–14Google Scholar.
13 Whitmore, J. K., “Transforming Dai Viet”, ms.; Keith W. Taylor, “The Literati Revival in Seventeenth Century Vietnam”, in Explorations in Early Southeast Asian History, vol. II, ed. Whitmore, J. K., Chatchai Panananon, & K. R. Hall (forthcoming)Google Scholar; , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 25–48, 134–35, 145 (n.2), 219–20Google Scholar.
14 Whitmore, J. K., “Bureaucratic Control of the Spirits in Vietnam”, Association of Asian Studies, Washington, D.C., 1980Google Scholar.
15 Nha, Nguyen Thanh, Tableau Economique du Viet Namaux XVIIe etXVIlle Siecles (Paris: Editions Cuj as, 1970), pp. 31, 42, 67Google Scholar.
16 , Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 131, 133, 136–41;Google Scholar, Huy, “Process”, p. 34Google Scholar; Young, Stephen B., “The Law of Property and Elite Prerogatives during Vietnam's Le Dynasty, 1428–1788”, Journal of Asian History 10, 1 (1976): 33.Google Scholar
17 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 135, 141–43.Google Scholar
18 Ibid., pp. 138–40).
19 Ibid., p. 144; , Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 109(n.42), 110. The numbers used for the articles of the Lê Code are those of Luong Than et al.,Google ScholarQuoc Trieu Hinh Luat (Saigon: Viet-nam Dau-hoc-vien, 1956), and of the forthcoming Huy and Tai translation. The Deloustal translation in BEFEO missed art. 219, so to get the Deloustal number over 219, subtract one.Google Scholar, Tai, “Status of Women”, p. 99 (n. 5). The articles listed in this paper are meant to be representative, not all inclusiveGoogle Scholar.
20 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 109–10, 150–57;Google Scholar, Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 126–27, 132–33Google Scholar.
21 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 66, 76–77, 124, 133–35, 138, 141, 147 (nn. 26,28), 151–52, 162–64, 171–72;Google Scholar, Woodside, Vietnam, p. 45Google Scholar; , Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 9, 29–30;Google Scholar, Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 100–101. For the early fifteenth century, seeGoogle ScholarWhitmore, J. K., “Chiao-chih and Neo-Confucianism: The Ming Attempt to Transform Vietnam”, Ming Studies 4 (1977): 67Google Scholar.
22 , yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 93, 104–105, 107–11, 136, 153–54;Google Scholar, Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 111, 118–21, 136.Google Scholar
23 , yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 110–15, 163Google Scholar; , Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 112, 125–35;Google Scholar, Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 31–32Google Scholar.
24 , Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 132–33, 137–38Google Scholar.
25 Ibid., p. 129.
26 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 94–96, 100, 112, 122, 157, 169.Google Scholar
27 Ibid., pp. 76, 135–38, 158–60. 163–71; , Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 121–25;Google Scholar, Young, “Lawof Property”, p. 30Google Scholar.
28 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 88–89, 101–104, 132–33. For the early fifteenth century, seeGoogle Scholar, Whitmore, “Chiao-chih”, p. 67Google Scholar.
29 , Yu, “Law and Family”, p. 181, also see pp. 2, 86, 229Google Scholar.
30 Ibid., pp. 162, 185, 212, 218–19; Insun, Yu, “Law, Society, and the Economy in Le Vietnam”, in , Whitmore, , Panananon, & , Hall, Explorations II(forthcoming)Google Scholar.
31 , Whitmore, “Chiao-chih”, pp. 59, 77 (n. 34)Google Scholar.
32 , Yu, “Law and Family“, pp. 186, 188Google Scholar; Cam, Buu et al., Hong-duc Ban-do (Saigon: Vien Khao Co, 1962), pp. 6–49. Proper English translations of these terms for the different types of communities have yet to be establishedGoogle Scholar.
33 See , Whitmore, “Chiao-chih”, pp. 60–61Google Scholar.
34 Ibid., p. 59; , Buu, Hong-duc Ban-do, pp. 6–49Google Scholar, Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 188–89Google Scholar. For nineteenth century markets, see the appropriate section of each provincial description in the national geography, Dai Nam Nhat Thong Chi.
35 Whitmore, “Transforming”, chapter II; , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 19, 46, and “Law, Society”;Google Scholar, Huy, “Le Code des Le”, p. 171, and “Process”, pp. 43, 48, 52Google Scholar; , Nha, Tableau, pp. 28–29, 62–64;Google Scholar, Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 17–20, 38Google Scholar; Adams, John & Hancock, Nancy, “Land and Economy in Traditional Vietnam”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1, 2 (1970): 93–97Google Scholar.
36 See Hung-dao's, Tran “Call to the Officers and Soldiers of the Army” (1285) as translated by Lam, Truong Buu in his Patterns of Vietnamese Response to Foreign Intervention: 1858–1900 (New Haven, Conn.: Southeast Asia Studies, 1967), pp. 49–54; andGoogle Scholar, Whitmore, “Chiao-chih”, pp. 66–67Google Scholar.
37 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 26–27, 33, 131–32, 233 (n. 21)Google Scholar; , Tai, “Status ofWomen”, pp. 113, 115. SeeGoogle Scholar, Nha, Tableau, pp. 30–31, andGoogle Scholar, Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 8–10, 34, for the six categories of freemen inscribed on the rotesGoogle Scholar.
38 , yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 130–31;Google Scholar, Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 101 (n. 8), 110Google Scholar; , Huy, “Process”, p. 45.Google Scholar, Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 108–110, 116–17;Google Scholar, Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 22, 51 (n. 12), 70, 124–25, 128Google Scholar; , Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 9,22Google Scholar.
40 Yu, “Law, Society”.
41 Taylor, “Literati Revival”; , Young, “Law of Property”, p. 44Google Scholar.
42 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 67–68; and “Law, Society”;Google Scholar, Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 10–11, 14Google Scholar.
43 , Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 109, 116Google Scholar; , Nha, Tableau, pp. 65–68.Google Scholar
44 , Whitmore, “Chiao-chih”, pp. 52, 65Google Scholar; Whitmore, J. K., “Mac Dang Dung”, Dictionary of Ming Biography (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), II, pp. 1029–35;Google Scholar, Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 33–36; Taylor, “Literati Revival”Google Scholar.
45 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 200–201Google Scholar.
46 Whitmore, J. K., “The Oath of Allegiance in Southeast Asia”, Midwest Conference on Asian Affairs, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1982Google Scholar.
47 Taytor, “Literati Revival”; , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 40–44Google Scholar.
48 , Yu, “Law and Family”, p. 68, and “Law, Society”Google Scholar.
49 Wolters, O. W., “Khmer ‘Hinduism’ in the Seventh Century”, in Early Southeast Asia, ed. Smith, R. B. & Watson, W. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 430Google Scholar.
50 Taylor, “Literati Revival”; , Yu, “Law and Family”, p. 193Google Scholar.
51 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 129–30, 138–39;Google Scholar, Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 26–28, 37, 41-42, 46Google Scholar.
52 , Nha, Tableau, pp. 42, 229–32;Google ScholarWhitmore, J. K., “Vietnam and the Monetary Flow of Eastern Asia, Thirteenth to Eighteenth Centuries”, in Precious Metal Flows in the Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, ed. Richards, J. F. (Durham, N.C., 1983); Yu, “Law, Society”Google Scholar.
53 , Nha, Tableau, pp. 42–44, 67–68, 229Google Scholar; , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 45–48, 190–91Google Scholar.
54 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 73–75, 211Google Scholar; and “Law, Society”; , Nha, Tableau, pp. 66–67Google Scholar.
55 , Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 173–74, 201.Google Scholar
56 Personal communication, Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, Cambridge, Mass., March 1979.
57 , Woodside, Vietnam, p. 43Google Scholar;, Yu, “Law and Family”, pp. 8–9, 29, 32–35, 58, 63–64, 73, 76, 137, 166–70;Google Scholar, Young, “Law of Property”, pp. 29, 32–33, 35Google Scholar;, Tai, “Status of Women”, pp. 122–25Google Scholar; Hong-duc Thien Chink Thu(A.330), pp. la, 4a-8a.
58 , Yu, “Family and Law”, pp. 168–69Google Scholar.
59 Ibid., p. 79.
60 , Woodside, Vietnam, pp. 39–41; Yu, “Law, Society”Google Scholar.
- 25
- Cited by