Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T14:03:43.778Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Philippine Archaeology: Status and Prospects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2011

Extract

The purpose of the present essay is not to present a history of Philippine archaeology; several preliminary attempts have been made in this regard which may be consulted. Rather, the aim of this paper is to pause for a moment and look across the landscape of Philippine archaeology to assess what has been accomplished to date, to ponder strength and weaknesses of the field at this time, and to consider future directions. Nevertheless, the shape of any landscape is the result of historical events and processes that need to be taken into account if we want to understand its present form and assess its future potential and development. Thus, it will be necessary to include in the following thoughts historical perspectives which will help to explain how and why certain concepts, methods and research practices arose in the context of Philippine archaeology and came to determine our picture of Philippine prehistory.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Solheim, W. G. II, “Potsherds and Postholes: Philippine Archaeology in 1974”, in Philippine Studies: Geography, Archaeology, Psychology and Literature (Dekalb, Illinois: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1974)Google Scholar, Special report No. 10, pp. 15–33; Evangelista, A. E., “The Philippines: Archaeology in the Philippines to 1950”, Asian Perspectives 12 (1969): 97104Google Scholar; Sullivan, M., “Archaeology in the Philippines”, Antiquity 30 (1956): 6879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Sullivan, M., “Archaeology in the Philippines”, Antiquity 30 (1956): 6879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Marche, A., Luzon and Palawan (Manila: The Filipiniana Book Guild, 1970), pp. 165–98.Google Scholar

4 Jagor, F., Travels in the Philippines (London: Chapman and Hall, 1875).Google Scholar

5 Schadenberg, A., “Die Bewohner von Sued-Mindanao und der Insel Samal”, Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie 17 (1885): 837, 45–57.Google Scholar

6 Colin, F., Labor Evangelica, Ministerios Apoostylicos de los Obreros de la Compania de Jesus, Fundacian, Progressos De su Provincia en las Islas Filipinas, 2nd edition (Madrid: Pablo Pastella, 1663).Google Scholar

7 Cole, F. C. and Laufer, B., Chinese Pottery in the Philippines, Anthropological Series, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1912)Google Scholar; Laufer, B., “Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands”, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 1725 (1907): 248–57.Google Scholar

8 Guthe, C. E., “The University of Michigan Philippine Expedition”, American Anthropologist 29 (1927): 6976CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Distribution of Sites Visited by the University of Michigan Expedition 1922–25”, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 10 (1928): 7689.Google Scholar

9 Willey, G. R. and Sabloff, J. A., A History of American Archaeology (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973).Google Scholar

10 Guthe, C. E., “The University of Michigan Philippine Expedition”, American Anthropologist 29 (1927): 6976CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Distribution of Sites Visited by the University of Michigan Expedition 1922–25”, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 10 (1928):7689Google Scholar; Gold-decorated Teeth from the Philippine Islands”, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 20 (1934): 722Google Scholar; A Burial Site on the Island of Samar, Philippine Islands”, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 23 (1937): 2935.Google Scholar

11 Aga-Oglu, K., “Ying Chʼing Porcelain Found in the Philippines”, Art Quarterly 9 (1946): 314–27Google Scholar; Ming Export Blue and White Jars in the University of Michigan Collection”, Art Quarterly 11 (1948): 201217Google Scholar; The Relationship between the Ying Chʼing Shu-Fu and Early Blue and White”, Far Eastern Ceramic Bulletin 8 (1949): 2733Google Scholar; Early Blue and White Wine Pot Excavated in the Philippines”, Far Eastern Ceramic Bulletin 2, 10 (1950): 6571Google Scholar; Five Examples of Annamese Pottery”, University of Michigan, Museum of Art Bulletin 5 (1954): 611Google Scholar; The So-called ‘Swatow’ Wares: Types and Problems of Provenance”, Far Eastern Ceramic Bulletin 7, 2 (1955): 134Google Scholar; Ming Porcelain from Sites in the Philippines”, Asian Perspectives 5 (1961): 243–52Google Scholar; Ming Porcelain from Sites in the Philippines”, Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America 17 (1963): 719Google Scholar; Major Types of Chinese and Siamese Ceramics in the Philippine Collection of the University of Michigan, Paper presented at the Manila Trade Pottery Seminar, 18–24 March 1968, Manila, Philippines; Ming Blue and White Bowls of Lien-Tzu Type”, Ars Orientalis 9 (1973): 1520.Google Scholar

12 Solheim, W. G. II, The Archaeology of Central Philippines: A Study Chiefly of the Iron Age and Its Relationships (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1964).Google Scholar

13 Solheim, W. G. II, “Two Pottery Traditions of Late Prehistoric Times in Southeast Asia”, in Historical, Archaeological, and Linguistic Studies on Southern China, South East Asia and the Hong Kong Region, ed. Drake, F.S. (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967), pp. 1522Google Scholar; “The Sa-Huynh-Kalanay Pottery Tradition: Past and Future Research”, in Studies in Philippine Anthropology, ed. Zamora, M.D. (Quezon City: Alemar-Phoenix, 1967), pp. 151–74Google Scholar; “The Batungan Cave Sites, Masbate, Philippines”, in Anthropology at the Eighth Pacific Science Congress, ed. Solheim, W. G. II (Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute, 1968)Google Scholar, Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series No. 2, pp. 20–62; The Kalanay Pottery Complex”, Artibus Asiae 20 (1957): 279–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Introduction to Sa-huynh”, Asian Perspectives 3 (1959): 97108Google Scholar; Sa-huynh Related Pottery in Southeast Asia”, Asian Perspectives 3 (1959): 177–88Google Scholar; The Archaeology of Central Philippines: A Study Chiefly of the Iron Age and Its Relationships (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1964)Google Scholar; Further Relationships of the Sa-Huynh Kalanay Pottery Tradition”, Asian Perspectives 8 (1964): 196210Google Scholar; “Prehistoric Pottery of Southeast Asia”, in Early Chinese Art and its Possible Influence in the Pacific Basin, ed. Barnard, N., Vol. 2, pp. 507532 (New York: Intercultural Arts Press, 1972).Google Scholar

14 Solheim, W.G. II, “H. Otley Beyer”, Asian Perspectives 12 (1969): 118.Google Scholar

15 Beyer, H.O., “Outline Review of Philippines Archaeology by Islands and Provinces”, Philippine Journal of Science 77 (1947): 205374.Google Scholar

16 Beyer, H.O., Philippine and East Asian Archaeology and its Relation to the Origin of the Pacific Islands Population, Bulletin No. 29 (Quezon City: National Research Council of the Philippines, 1948).Google Scholar

17 Beyer, H.O. and de Vera, J.C., Philippine Saga (Manila: The Evening Post, 1947).Google Scholar

18 Solheim, W.G. II, “H. Otley Beyer”, Asian Perspectives 12 (1969): 4.Google Scholar

19 Heine-Geldern, R., “Research on Southeast Asia: Problems and Suggestions”, American Anthropologist 48 (1946): 149–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20 Fox, R.B. and Evangelista, A.E., “The Bato Caves, Sorsogon Province, Philippines: A Preliminary Report of a Jar Burial-stone Tool Assemblage”, University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies 6 (1957): 4955Google Scholar; The Cave Archaeology of Cagraray Island, Albay Province, Philippines”, University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies 6 (1957b): 5768Google Scholar; Solheim, W. G. II, “Preliminary Report on Fieldwork in San Narciso, Tayabas”, University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies 1 (1951): 7076Google Scholar; Ibanag Pottery Manufacture in Isabela, Philippines”, University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies 3 (1954): 305308Google Scholar; The Makabog Burial-jar Sites”, Philippine Journal of Science 83 (1954): 5768Google Scholar; Jar Burial in the Babuyan and Batanes Islands and Central Philippines and Its Relationships to Jar Burial Elsewhere in the Far East”, Philippine Journal of Science 89 (1960): 115–48Google Scholar; “The Batungan Cave Sites, Masbate, Philippines”, in Anthropology at the Eight Pacific Science Congress, ed. Solheim, W. G. II (Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute, 1968)Google Scholar, Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series No. 2, pp. 20–62.

21 Fox, R.B., “Philippine Prehistory and Carbon-14 Dating”, Science Review (Manila) 4(10): 48.Google Scholar

22 Evangelista, A.E., “Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Protohistoric Sites”, Asian Studies 3 (1965): 86102Google Scholar; “H. Otley Beyer's Neolithic in the Context of Post-war Discoveries in Local Archaeology”, pp. 63–87; “Type-sites from the Philippine Islands and their Significance”, in Studies in Oceanic Culture History, ed. Green, R. L. and Kelly, M., Vol. 2, pp. 28–35 (Honolulu: P.B. Bishop Museum, Pacific Anthropological Records No. 12, 1971)Google Scholar; Fox, R.B., The Philippines in Prehistoric Times: A Handbook for the First Exhibition of Filipino Prehistory and Culture (Manila: UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines, 1959)Google Scholar; The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines”, Philippine Studies 15 (1967): 4162Google Scholar; “Excavation in the Tabon Caves and Some Problems in Philippine Chronology”, in Studies in Philippine Anthropology, pp. 88–116; Solheim, W.G. II, The Archaeology of Central Philippines: A Study Chiefly of the Iron Age and Its Relationships (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1964)Google Scholar; “The Sa-Huynh-Kalanay Pottery Tradition: Past and Future Research”, in Studies in Philippine Anthropology, ed. Zamora, M.D. (Quezon City: Alemar-Phoenix, 1967), pp. 151–74Google Scholar; The Archaeology of Central Philippines: A Study Chiefly of the Iron Age and Its Relationships (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1964)Google Scholar; Further Relationships of the Sa-Huynh-Kalanay Pottery Tradition”, Asian Perspectives 8 (1964): 196210.Google Scholar

23 Jocano, F. L., “Rethinking Filipino Cultural Heritage”, Lipunan 1 (1965): 5372Google Scholar; “Beyer's Theory on Filipino Prehistory and Culture: An Alternative Approach to the Problem”, in Studies in Philippine Anthropology, Philippines Prehistory (Diliman, Quezon City: Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, 1975).Google Scholar

24 Solheim, W.G. II, “Philippine Prehistory”, in The People and Art of the Philippines, ed. Casal, G., Jose, R. T. Jr., Casino, E.S.; Ellis, G.R. and Solheim, W. G. II (Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1981), pp. 1783.Google Scholar

25 Fox, R. B., “The Calatagan Excavations: Two 15th Century Burial Sites in Batangas, Philippines”, Philippine Studies 7 (1959): 321–90.Google Scholar

26 Fox, R.B. and Legaspi, A.M., Excavations at Santa Ana (Manila: National Museum, n.d.).Google Scholar

27 Tenazas, R.C.P., A Report on the Archaeology of the Locsin-University of San Carlos Excavations in Pila, Laguna (Manila: Privately Printed, n.d.).Google Scholar

28 Hutterer, K. L., An Archaeological Picture of a Pre-Spanish Cebuano Community (Cebu City: University of San Carlos, 1973).Google Scholar

29 Burton, L.M., “Settlement and Burial Sites at Suatun, Butuan City: A Preliminary Report”, Philippine Studies 25 (1977): 95112.Google Scholar

30 Locsin, L. and Locsin, C.Y., Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines (Tokyo: Tuttle, 1967).Google Scholar

31 von Koenigswald, G.H.R., “Preliminary Report on a Newly-discovered Stone Age Culture from Northern Luzon, Philippines Islands”, Asian Perspectives 2 (1958): 6970.Google Scholar

32 Fox, R.B., The Tabon Caves: Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan Island, Philippines (Manila: National Museum, 1970).Google Scholar

33 Harrison, T., “The Pre-history of Borneo”, Asian Perspectives 13 (1970): 1745.Google Scholar

34 Fox, R.B., “The Philippine Paleolithic”, in Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia, ed. Ikawa-Smith, F. (The Hague: Mouton, 1978), pp. 5985.Google Scholar

35 Vondra, C.F.; Mathisen, M.E.; Burggraf, D.R. Jr. and Kvale, E.P., “Plio-Pleistocene Geology of Northern Luzon, Philippines”, in Hominid Sites: Their Geologic Settings, ed. Rapp, G. Jr. and Vondra, C.F. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981), pp. 255310Google Scholar; Wasson, R.J. and Cochran, R.M., “Geological and Geomorphological Perspectives on Archaeological Sites in the Cagayan Valley, Northern Luzon, the Philippines”, Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 5 (1979): 126Google Scholar; Bondoc, N.H., A Re-investigation of the Espinosa Archaeological Sites, Cagayan and Kalinga-Apayao, Anthropological Papers No. 6 (Manila: National Museum, 1979).Google Scholar

36 Hutterer, K.L., “Reinterpreting the Southeast Asian Palaeolithic”, in Sunda and Sahul, ed. Allen, J., Golson, J. and Jones, R. (New York: Academic Press, 1976), pp. 3171.Google Scholar

37 Henson, F. G., The Flake Tool Industry of Laurente Cave, Master's thesis, Anthropology, University of the Philippines, 1978Google Scholar; Ronquillo, W. P., The Technological and Functional Analyses of Lithic Flake Tools From Rabel Cave, Northern Luzon, Philippines (Manila: National Museum, Anthropological Papers No. 13, 1981).Google Scholar

38 Coutts, P.J.F. and Wesson, J.P., “Models in Philippine Prehistory: A Review of the Flaked Stone Industries”, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 8 (1980): 203259Google Scholar; Fox, R.B., The Tabon Caves, “The Philippines During the First Millennium B.C.”, in Early South East Asia, ed. Smith, R.B. and Watson, W. (New York: Oxford University Press 1979), pp. 227–41Google Scholar; Peterson, W., Anomalous Archaeological Sites of Northern Luzon and Models of Southeast Asian Prehistory, Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology, University of Hawaii, 1974Google Scholar; Solheim, W.G. II, Legaspi, A.M. and Neri, J.S., Archaeological Survey in Southeastern Mindanao (Manila: National Museum, Monograph No. 8, 1979)Google Scholar; Spoehr, A., Zamboanga and Sulu: An Archaeological Approach to Ethnic Diversity, Ethnology Monograph No. 1 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1973);Google ScholarTuggle, H.D. and Hutterer, K. L., Archaeology of the Sohoton Area, Southwestern Samar, Philippines, Leyte-Samar Studies 6 (2), 1972.Google Scholar

39 R.J. Wassim and R.M. Cochran, “Geological and Geomorphological Perspectives on Archaeological Sites in the Cagayan Valley”, pp. 1–26.

40 R.B. Fox, The Tabon Caves; Kurjack, E.B. and Sheldon, C.T., “The Archaeology of Seminoho Cave in Lebak, Cotabato”, Silliman Journal 17 (1970): 518Google Scholar; Maceda, M.N., “Preliminary Report on Ethnographic and Archaeological Fieldwork in the Kulaman Plateau, Islands of Mindanao, Philippines”, Anthropos 59 (1964): 7582Google Scholar; Second Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Excavation in the Kulaman Plateau (Cotabato), Islands of Mindanao, Philippines”, Anthropos 6 (1965): 237–40Google Scholar; “A Preliminary Report on the Fenefe Cave Excavation, Kulaman Plateau, Mindanao”, Studies in Philippine Anthropology, pp. 265–72.

41 W.G. Solheim II, Jar Burial in the Babuyan and Batanes Islands.

42 Tenazas, R.C.P., “The Boat-coffin Burial Complex of the Philippines and Its Relation to Similar Practices in Southeast Asia”, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 1(1973): 1925.Google Scholar

43 Tenazas, R.C.P., “A Progress Report on the Magsuhot Excavation in Bacong, Negros Oriental, Summer 1974”, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 2 (1974): 133–55.Google Scholar

44 Tenazas, R.C.P., A Comparative Study of Settlement Patterns and Socio-religious Structure in Three Prehistoric Iron Age Communities in the Philippines, Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, 1977.Google Scholar

45 W. Peterson, Anomalous Archaeological Sites.

46 Peterson, W., “Summary Report of Two Archaeological Sites from North-eastern Luzon”, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 9 (1974): 2635.Google Scholar

47 Scheans, D.J., Hutterer, K.L. and Cherry, R.L., “A Newly Discovered Blade Tool Industry from the Central Philippines”, Asian Perspectives 13 (1970): 179–81.Google Scholar

48 Hutterer, K. L., “An Evolutionary Approach to the Southeast Asian Cultural Sequence”, Current Anthropology 17 (1976): 221–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

49 W.G. Solheim II, The Archaeology of Central Philippines and “Philippine Prehistory”.

50 W.G. Solheim II, The Archaeology of Central Philippines, pp. 192–213.

51 Solheim, W. G. II, “Introduction to Sa-huynh”, Asian Perspectives 3 (1959): 97108Google Scholar; Sa-huynh Related Pottery in Southeast Asia”, Asian Perspectives 3(1959): 177–88Google Scholar; Further Relationship of the Sa-Huynh Kalanay Pottery Tradition”, Asian Perspectives 8(1964): 196210Google Scholar; “Two Pottery Traditions of Late Prehistoric Times in Southeast Asia”, in Historical, Archaeological, and Linguistic Studies on Southern China, South East Asia and the Hong Kong Region, ed. Drake, F.S. (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967), pp. 1522Google Scholar; “The Sa-Huynh-Kalanay Pottery Tradition: Past and Future Research”, Studies in Philippine Anthropology, ed. Zamora, M.D. (Quezon City: Alemar-Phoenix, 1967), pp. 151–74Google Scholar; “Prehistoric Pottery of Southeast Asia”, in Early Chinese Art and Its Possible Influence in the Pacific Basin, ed. Barnard, N., Vol. 1 (1972): 507532 (New York: Intercultural Arts Press, 1972).Google Scholar

52 W.G. Solheim II, “Philippine Prehistory”, p. 150.

53 Solheim, W.G. II, “Reflections on the New Data of Southeast Asian Prehistory: Austronesian Origin and Consequence”, Asian Perspectives 18 (1975): 146–60.Google Scholar

54 Solheim, W. G. II, “Coastal Irian Jaya and the Origin of the Nusantao” (“Austronesian Speaking People” in Le Peuplement d'Archipel Nippon Et Des Isles Du Pacific: Chronologie, Paleogeographie, Industries), ed. Serizawa, C., Coloque XVIII, IXe Congres, Union Internationale des Sciences Prehistoriques et Protohistoriques (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1976), pp. 3242Google Scholar; Solheim, W.G. II, “Prehistory of Southeast Asia with Reference to Oceania”, in La Prehistoric Oceanienne, ed. Caranger, J., Coloque XXII, IXe Congress, Union Internationale des Sciences Prehistoriques at Protohistoriques (Paris: Centre National de la Recherche of Scientifique, 1976), pp. 135–51Google Scholar; W. G. Solheim II, “Philippine Prehistory”.

55 Hutterer, K.L., “Some Comments on ‘Models of Philippine Prehistory’ by P.J.F. Coutts and J.P. Wesson”, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 9 (1981): 333–41.Google Scholar

56 Hutterer, K.L. and Macdonald, W.K., “The Bais Anthropological Survey: A First Preliminary Report”, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 7 (1979): 115–40Google Scholar; Houses Built on Scattered Poles: Prehistory and Ecology in Negros Oriental, Philippines (Cebu City: University of San Carlos, 1982).Google Scholar

57 Hutterer, K.L., “The Natural and Cultural History of Southeast Asian Agriculture: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations”, Anthropos 78 (1983): 169212.Google Scholar

58 Bay-Peterson, J., “Shifting Cultivation in Prehistory: Economic Change in Masbate, Central Philippines”, in Adaptive Strategies and Change in Philippine Swidden-based Societies, ed. Olofson, H. (College, Laguna, Philippines: Forest Research Institute), pp. 117–30Google Scholar; Kress, J.H., “Contemporary and Prehistoric Subsistence Patterns on Palawan, in Cultural-Ecological Perspectives on Southeast Asia, ed. Wood, W. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, Center for International Studies, 1977), pp. 2947Google Scholar; Maher, R.F., “Archaeological Investigations in Central Ifugao”, Asian Perspectives 16 (1973): 3970Google Scholar; W. Peterson, Anomalous Archaeological Sites; “The Evolution of Agriculture in Southeast Asia”, in Cultural-Ecological Perspectives on Southeast Asia.

59 Hutterer, K.L., “The Evolution of Philippine Lowland Societies”, Mankind 9 (1974): 287–99Google Scholar; Hutterer, , “An Evolutionary Approach to the Southeast Asian Cultural Sequence”, Current Anthropology 17 (1976): 221–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hutterer, K.L. and Macdonald, W.K., “The Bais Anthropological Survey: A First Preliminary Report”, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 7 (1979): 115–40Google Scholar; Houses Built on Scattered Poles: Prehistory and Ecology in Negros Oriental, Philippines (Cebu City: University of San Carlos, 1982)Google Scholar; Spoehr, A., Zamboanga and Sulu: An Archaeological Approach to Ethnic Diversity, Ethnology Monograph No. 1 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1973).Google Scholar

60 Hutterer, K.L., “The Evolution of Philippine Lowland Societies”, Mankind 9 (1974): 287–99.Google Scholar

61 Hutterer, K.L., “Prehistoric Trade and the Evolution of Philippines Societies: A Reconsideration”, in Economic Exchange and Social Interaction in Southeast Asia, ed. Hutterer, K.L., Michigan Papers in South and Southeast Asia, No. 13 (Ann Arbor, 1977), pp. 177–96Google Scholar; K. L. Hutterer and W. K. Macdonald, Houses Built on Scattered Poles.

62 de ła Torre, A. and Mudar, K.M., “The Becino Site: An Exercise in Ethnoarchaeology”, in Houses Built on Scattered Poles, ed. Hutterer, K.L. and Macdonald, W.K. (Cebu City, Phil.: University of San Carlos, 1982), pp. 117–46Google Scholar; Graves, M.J. Jr., Ethnoarchaeology of Kalinga Ceramic Design, Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1981Google Scholar; Griffin, P.B. and Estioko-Griffin, A. A., “Ethnoarchaeology in the Philippines”, Archaeology 31, 6 (1978): 3443Google Scholar; Longacre, W.A., “Kalinga Pottery-making: The Evolution of a Research Design”, in Frontiers in Anthropology, ed. Leaf, M.J. (New York: Van Nostrand, 1974), pp. 5167Google Scholar; W.J. Parry, “Observations on the Arrow Technology of the Negritos of Northern Negros, Philippines”, in Houses Built on Scattered Poles, pp. 107–116; Scheans, D. H., Filipino Market Potteries, Monograph No. 3 (Manila: National Museum, 1977)Google Scholar; Solheim, W.G. II, “Pottery Manufacturing in the Islands of Masbate and Batan, Philippines”, University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies 1 (1952): 5152Google Scholar; Ibanag Pottery Manufacture in Isabela, Philippines”, University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies 3 (1954): 305308Google Scholar; The Makabog Burial-jar Sites”, Philippine Journal of Science 83 (1954): 5768.Google Scholar