¹ , Thailand, Central Statistical Office, Thailand Population Census 1960 (Bangkok, 1962).Google Scholar, Thailand, Ministry of Interior, “Census 2472 [1929]”, Teysaphiban 30, 6 (Bangkok, 1929), in Thai.Google Scholar, Thailand, Ministry of Interior, The Annual Municipal Report (Bangkok, 1946)Google Scholar, in Thai. , Thailand, Ministry of Interior, Registration Division, Statistical Compilation for the Year 2522 [1979] (Bangkok, 1980).Google Scholar, Thailand, Office of the Prime Minister, National Statistical Office, 1970 Population and Housing Census (Bangkok, 1973)Google Scholar.

² , Thailand, Royal Command, Roll of Residents in the Province by Streets and Lanes for the Use of Officials of the Postal Department, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon [Bangkok]ffrom the Population Count Taken in the Year of the Goat, Chulasakarat 1245 [1882] (Bangkok, no date), in Thai; for an analysis of the information on this Roll seeGoogle ScholarSternstein, L., “City of Magnificent Distances”, Of Time and Place (Canberra, 1980), pp. 116–33Google Scholar.

³ Crawfurd, J., Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-General of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin China; exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms (London, 1828), p. 446.Google Scholar

⁴ , Anonymous, “Board of Foreign Missions”, Foreign Missionary Chronicle 10 (1842), pp. 268–69, 294–95.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Die Englischen Erfolge in Siam”, Mittheilungen von Petermann 1 (1855), p. 232.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Das Konigreich Siam”, Mittheilungen von Petermann 2 (1856), p. 159.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Board of Foreign Missions”, The Home and Foreign Record 16 (1865), p. 229.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “A Visit to Bangkok”, Harper's New Monthly Magazine 243 (1870), pp. 359–68.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Protestant Missions in Siam”, Baptist Missionary Magazine 51 (1871), pp. 340–41.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Stations”, Foreign Missionary Chronicle 35 (1877), p. 361.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Siam”, Baptist Missionary Magazine 62 (1882), pp. 87–88.Google ScholarAymonier, E., Le Cambodge, II, Les Provinces Siamoises (Paris, 1901), p. 51.Google ScholarBacon, G.B., Siam, The Land of the White Elephant, As it Was and Is (New York, 1892), pp. 169, 265.Google ScholarBangkok Times, The Directory for Bangkok and Siam (Bangkok, 1890, 1892–97).Google ScholarBock, C., Temples and Elephants: the narrative of a journey of exploration through Upper Siam and Lao (London, 1884), p. 376. SirGoogle ScholarBowring, J., The Kingdom and People of Siam with a narrative of the Mission to that Country in 1855 (London, 1857), pp. 394–95.Google ScholarBradley, J., A Narrative of Travel and Sport in Burmah, Siam, and the Malay Peninsula (London, 1876), p. 239.Google ScholarCaddy, F., To Siam and Malaya in the Duke of Sutherland's Yacht “Sans Peur” (London, 1889), p. 214.Google ScholarCampbell, J. G. D., Siam in the Twentieth Century, Being the Experiences and Impressions of a British Official (London, 1904), p. 55.Google ScholarCarter, A.C., ed., The Kingdom ofSiam (New York-London, 1904), p. 111.Google ScholarChenclos, A. de, “line Mission a Bangkok, souvenirs personnels”, Correspondent, 10 01. 1882, p. 47.Google ScholarCheviltard, S., “Le Siam”, Bibliotheque Illustree des Voyages Autour du Monde par Terre & par Mer (Paris, 1898), p. 6.Google ScholarChild, J. T., The Pearl of Asia. Reminiscences of the Courtoj'a Supreme Monarch or Five Years in Siam (Chicago, 1892), p. 16.Google ScholarCort, M.L., Siam: or the Heart of Farther India (New York, 1886), p. 30.Google ScholarDecugis, A., “Deux Semaines a Bang-kok”, Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie, Series 6, vol. 4 (07–12. 1880), p. 52.Google ScholarEaton, L.A., “The Chinese in Siam”, Baptist Missionary Magazine 65 (1885), p. 365.Google Scholarvon, R. Freiherr und Eisenstein, zu, Reise nach Siam, Java, Deutsch-New-Guinea und Australasien: Tagebuch mil Erorterungen, um zu uberseeischen Reisen und Unternehmungen anzuregen (Wien, 1904), p. 29.Google ScholarGirard, M. D., Le Commerce de Siam [Extrait de la Revue de l'Orient] (Paris, 1860), p. 6.Google ScholarGordon, R., “The Economic Development of Siam”, Journalofthe Royal Society of Arts 39 (1891), pp. 289, 294.Google ScholarGraham, W. A., Siam: A Handbook of Practical, Commercial and Political Information (London, 1912), p. 22.Google ScholarGrehan, M.A., Le Royaume de Siam (Paris, 1878), p. 35.Google ScholarGutzlaff, C., Journal of Three Voyages along the Coast of China in 1831, 1832, & 1833, with Notices of Siam, Corea, & the Loo-Choo Islands (London, 1840), p. 139.Google ScholarHallett, H.S., “Exploration Survey for a Railway Connection between India, Siam and China”, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, New Series, vol. 8 (1886), p. 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarHesse-Wartegg, F. von, Siam: Das Reich des weissen Elefanten (Leipzig, 1899), p. 11.Google ScholarHouse, S.R., “Bangkok, Siam”, The Foreign Missionary 36 (1877–1878), p. 2.Google ScholarKruijt, J. A., “Aanteekeningen en Opmerkingen: Reffende Siam, bij een bezoek aan de hoofdstad Bangkok”, (National Library of Thailand photocopy, undated and unattributed; author in Thailand 1875–1876), p. 35.Google ScholarLaunay, A., Siam et les missionaires Francois (Tours, 1896), p. 8.Google ScholarLeonowens, A. H., The English Governess at the Siamese Court: being recollections.of six years in the Royal Palace at Bangkok (London, 1870), p. 135.Google Scholar, Litchfield, , Whiting, , Bowne & Associates, Greater Bangkok Plan 2533 [1990] (New York, 1960), p. 23.Google ScholarLoftus, A. J., A New Year's Paper on the Development of the Kingdom of Siam (Bangkok, 1890), p. 18.Google ScholarLouden, A., “Aanteekeningen, gehouden op eene zendig naar Siam”, Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-Land-en Volkunkunde 12 (1862), p. 406.Google ScholarLuzzatti, A., “II presente e l'avvenire del regno di Siam”, Societa Geografica Italiana, Bollittino, Series 2, vol. 11 (1886), p. 698.Google ScholarMacgregor, J., Through the Buffer State. A record of recent travels through Borneo, Siam, and Cambodia (London, 1896), p. 60.Google ScholarGuides, Madrolle, Siam (Paris-London, 1902), p. 115.Google ScholarMalcom, H., Travels in South-Eastern Asia, embracing Hindustan, Malaya, Siam and China; with notices of numerous missionary stations, and a full account of the Burman Empire (Boston, 1839), p. 120.Google ScholarMalloch, D.E., Siam: Some General Remarks on Its Productions and Particularly on Its Imports and Exports, and the Mode of Transacting Business with the People (Calcutta, 1852), p. 70.Google ScholarMcDonald, N.A., Siam: its government, manners, customs, etc. (Philadelphia, 1871), p. 16.Google ScholarMoor, J.H., Notices of the Indian Archipelago and adjacent countries: Being a collection of papers relating to Borneo, Celebes, Bali, Java, Sumatra, Nias, The Philippine Islands, Sulus, Siam, Cochin China, Malayan Peninsula, etc. (London, 1968), p. 208.Google ScholarMury, F., “Bangkok”, Revue de Geographie 52 (1903), p. 40.Google ScholarNeale, F.A., Narrative of a Residence in Siam (London, 1852), p. 30. SirGoogle ScholarNorman, H., The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and Studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese Colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (London, 1907), p. 426.Google ScholarPallegoix, Mgr., Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam (Paris, 1854), pp. 60–61.Google ScholarParkes, H., “Geographical notes on Siam, with a New Map of the Lower Part of the Menam River”, The Journal of the Geographical Society of London 26 (1856), p. 77.Google ScholarReclus, E., The Universal Geography; Vol. HI, India and Indo-China (London, 1883), p. 468.Google ScholarRichards, J., The GulfofSiam Pilot, From the survey made in H.M.S. Saracen, between the years 1856–58 (London, 1863), p. 31.Google ScholarRosny, L. de, Le Peuple Siamois ou Thai (Paris, 1885), pp. 10, 116.Google ScholarRuschenberger, W. S. W., Narrative of a Voyage Round the World, during the years 1835, 36, and 37; including a narrative of an Embassy to the Sultan of Muscat and the King of Siam (Folkestone & London, 1970), p. 7.Google ScholarScheizer, K. von, Fachmännische Berichte über die osterreichish-ungarische Expedition nach Siam, China und Japan (1868–1871 (Stuttgatt, 1872), pp. 179–80.Google ScholarSmith, S.J., The Siam Directory (Bangkok, 1878–1890).Google ScholarSmith, S.J. & Mrs, “Siam Mission”, Baptist Missionary Magazine 47 (1867), p. 309.Google ScholarSternstein, L., “Bangkok at the Turn of the Century; Mongkut and Chulalongkorn Entertain the West”, The Journal of the Siam Society 54, 1 (1966), p. 70.Google ScholarSternstein, L., “Krung Thep at a Hundred: Scape and Grid”, Journal of the Siam Society 61, 2 (1979), p. 11, 13.Google ScholarThompson, P. A., Lotus Land: Being an account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam (London, 1906), p. 47.Google ScholarTomlin, J., Journalofa Nine Months' Residence in Siam (London, 1831), p. 151.Google ScholarWerner, R., Die Preussusche Expedition nach China, Japan und Siam in den Jahren 1860, 1861, und 1862 (Leipzig, 1863), pp. 241, 259.Google ScholarWright, A. and Breakspear, O.T., eds., Twentieth Century Impressions of Siam: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources (London, 1908), p. 248.Google ScholarYoung, J. R., Around the World with General Grant: A narrative of the visit of General U.S. Grant, Ex-President of the United States, to various countries in Europe, Asia and Africa, in 1877, 1878, 1879 (New York, 1879), p. 226Google Scholar.

⁵ City Planning Division, Basic Planning Information 1972 (Bangkok, 1972).Google Scholar

⁶ , Malcom, Travels, p. 120.Google Scholar, Moor, Notices, p. 208.Google Scholar, Crawfurd, Journal, p. 446Google Scholar.

⁷ , Tomlin, Journal, p. 151.Google Scholar, Malcotn, Travels, p. 120Google Scholar.

⁸ , Sternstein, “Krung Thep”, p. 12.Google Scholar

⁹ , Anonymous, “Siam; General Letter from the Mission”, The Missionary Herald 37 (1841), p. 200.Google Scholar

¹⁰ , Anonymous, “Siam: Letter from Mr Caswell”, The Missionary Herald 37 (1841), p. 434.Google Scholar

¹¹ , Anonymous, “Board of Foreign Missions” (1865), p. 229.Google Scholar

¹² Sternstein, L., “A Critique of Thai Population Data”, Pacific Viewpoint 6, 1 (1965), pp. 15–38.Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ , Thailand, Department of Publicity, How Thailand Lost Her Territories to France (Bangkok, 1940).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Abeel, D., Journal of a Residence in China, and the Neighboring Countries; with a Preliminary Essay on the Commencement and Progress of Missions in the World (New York, 1836), p. 214.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Siam as a field for missionary labor”, The Missionary Herald) 29 (1833), p. 38.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “A Visit to Bangkok” (1870), p. 361.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Protestant Missions” (1871), p. 341.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Siam” (1882), p. 87.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “L'emigration Asiatique”, Revue Indo-Chinoise, 15 04. 1907, p. 490.Google Scholar, Bacon, Land of the White Elephant, p. 15. Bangkok Times, Directory.Google ScholarBastian, A., Reisen in Siam (Leipzig, 1867), p. 164.Google ScholarBlack, J.S., “Journey Round Siam”, The Geographical Journal 8 (1896), p. 448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Bowring, Kingdom and People, pp. 81–83.Google ScholarBunnag, T., The Provincial Administration of Siamfrom 1892 to 1915: A Study of the Creation, the Growth, the Achievements, and the Implicationsfor Modern Siam, of the Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rachanuphap (Oxford, 1963), p. 406.Google ScholarBunnag, T., The Provincial Administration of Siam 1892-1915: The Ministry of Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab (Kuala Lumpur-London-New York-Bangkok, 1977), pp. 266–67.Google Scholar, Campbell, Siam in the Twentieth Century, p. 45.Google Scholar, Carter, Kingdom of Siam, p. 33, 43, 58.Google Scholar, Chenclos, “line Mission”, p. 47Google Scholar. , Chevillard, “Le Siam”, p. 4.Google Scholar, Child, Pearl, p. 10.Google ScholarCondor, J., The Modern Traveller: A Description of the Various Countries of the Globe: Vol. XI, Birmah, Siam, etc. (London, 1830), pp. 290–91.Google Scholar, Cort, Siam, p. 18.Google Scholar, Crawfurd, Journal, pp. 4, 451–52.Google Scholarvon, Freiherr und Eisenstein, zu, Reise nach Siam, p. 21.Google Scholar, Girard, Le Commerce, p. 5.Google Scholar, Gordon, “Economic Development”, pp. 288–89.Google Scholar, Graham, Siam, p. 109.Google ScholarBritain, Great, Foreign Office, “Siam Consular Report for 1864”, Annual Diplomatic and Consular Reports on the Trade of Siam (London, 1864).Google Scholar, Grehan, Le Royaume, p. 6.Google ScholarHallett, H.S., A Thousand Miles on an Elephant in the Shan States (Edinburgh & London, 1890), p. 461.Google ScholarHoeylaerts, H., Le royaume de Siam (Bruxelles, 1892), p. 10.Google ScholarLittle, A., The Far East (Oxford, 1903), p. 261.Google Scholar, Loftus, A New Year's Paper, p. 4.Google Scholar, Kruijt, “Aanteekeningen”, p. 35Google Scholar. Loubere, S. de la, A New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Siam (London, 1693), p. 4.Google Scholar, Loudon, “Aanteekeningen”, pp. 406–407.Google Scholar, Malcom, Travels, pp. 120, 125, 146.Google ScholarMalloch, D.E., “Private Journal [1827]”, in The Burney Papers: Bangkok, 1910–1919 (New York, 1971), p. 232.Google Scholar, Malloch, Siam, p. 73.Google Scholar, McDonald, Siam, p. 31.Google Scholar, Moor, Notices, p. 236.Google ScholarMuller, H.P.N., Azie Gespiegeld (Utrecht, 1912), p. 103.Google Scholar, Mury, “Bangkok”, p. 54.Google Scholar, Norman, Peoples and Politics, p. 426.Google Scholar, Pallegoix, Description, p. 8.Google Scholar, Reclus, Geography, p. 458.Google Scholar, Rosny, Le People, p. 116.Google ScholarRousset, L., “Les Chinois hors de chez eux”, Le Correspondant 112 (1878), p. 106.Google Scholar, Ruschenberger, Narrative, p. 23.Google ScholarScherzer, von, Fachma'nnische Behchte, p. 175.Google ScholarSkinner, G.W., Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History (Ithaca, 1957), pp. 30, 70.Google ScholarSpinks, C.N., “Review of de Young's Village Life in Modern Thailand”, The Journal of the Siam Society 44, 2 (1956), p. 149Google Scholar. , Thompson, Lotus Land, p. 59.Google Scholar, Werner, Expedition, p. 259.Google ScholarYoung, E., The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe: Being Sketches of the Domestic and Religious Rites and Ceremonies of the Siamese (London, 1907), p. 24Google Scholar.

¹⁶ , Abeel, Journal, p. 214.Google Scholar, Anonymous, “Protestant Missions” (1871), p. 341.Google Scholar, Bunnag, Provincial Administration (1977), pp. 266–67.Google Scholar, Campbell, Siam in the Twentieth Century, p. 45.Google Scholar, Carter, Kingdom of Siam, pp. 33, 43, 58.Google Scholar, Child, Pearl, p. 10.Google Scholar, Cort, Siam, p. 18.Google Scholar, Crawfurd, Journal, pp. 451–2Google Scholarvon, Freiherr and Eisenstein, zu, Reise nach Siam, p. 21.Google Scholar, Gordon, “Economic Development”, pp. 288–89.Google Scholar, Grehan, Le Royaume, p. 6.Google Scholar, Malcom, Travels, p. 146.Google Scholar, Mury, “Bangkok”, p. 54.Google Scholar, Pallegoix, Description, p. 8.Google Scholar, Rosny, Le Peuple, p. 116.Google ScholarScherzer, von, Fachma'nnische Berichte, p. 175.Google Scholar, Werner, Expedition, p. 259Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Thailand, Ministry of Public Health, Public Health in Thailand (Bangkok, 1971), p. 13.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Chulalongkorn University, Institute of Population Studies, “Perspective on Thai Population”, Research Report 11 (Bangkok, 1974). United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,Google Scholar“Population of Thailand”, Country Monograph Series 3 (Bangkok, 1976)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Woods, R., Population Analysis in Geography (London, 1979), p. 106.Google Scholar

²⁰ , Skinner, Chinese Society, p. 59.Google Scholar

²¹ Ibid., pp. 59–60.

²² Dibble, C., The Chinese in Thailand against the background of Chinese-Thai relations (Syracuse, 1961).Google ScholarLandon, K.P., The Chinese in Thailand (New York, 1941).Google ScholarSkinner, G.W., A study of Chinese Community Leadership in Bangkok, together with an historical survey of Chinese society in Thailand (Ithaca, 1954).Google Scholar Skinner, Chinese Society. Skinner, G.W., Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community of Thailand (Ithaca, 1958)Google Scholar.

²³ See, for example, Landon, The Chinese in Thailand.

²⁴ , Thailand, National Economic Development Board, The Institute of Population Studies and the Ministry of Public Health, Population Growth in Thailand (Bangkok, 1970).Google Scholar, Thailand, National Economic Development Board, The Institute of Population Studies and the Ministry of Public Health, The Demographic Situation of Thailand; Prepared for the Second Asian Population Conference, Tokyo, November 1972 (Bangkok, 1972)Google Scholar.

²⁵ Wenk, K., The Restoration of Thailand Under Rama I, 1782–1809 (Tucson, 1968).Google Scholar

²⁶ Skinner, Chinese Society.

²⁷ Bradley, D.B., The Bangkok Calendar (Bangkok, 1862–1873). Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, Siam; General and Medical Features (Proceedings of the Eighth Congress of the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, Bangkok, 1930).Google ScholarFeltus, G.H., Samuel Reynolds House of Siam; Pioneer Medical Missionary 1847–1876 (New York-Chicago-London-Edinburgh, 1924).Google ScholarLord, D.C., Mo Bradley and Thailand (Grand Rapids, 1969). McDonald, Siam.Google ScholarMcFarland, G.B., Historical Sketch of Protestant Missions in Siam, 1828-1928 (Bangkok, 1928). Presbyterian Board of Publication,Google ScholarSiam and Laos, asseen by Our American Missionaries (Philadelphia, 1884)Google Scholar.

²⁸ Anonymous, “Topography of Bangkok; remarks on the monsoons and seasons; thermometrical observations; diseases of the natives; and their longevity; From a Correspondent”, The Chinese Repository 5, 10 (1837), pp. 124–27Google Scholar.

²⁹ Cort, Siam. Lord, Mo Bradley. McDonald, Siam. McFarland, B.B., McFarland of Siam (New York, 1958). McFarland, Historical Sketch. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Siam and Laos.Google Scholar

³⁰ Rev. Dr. Dean, “Siam. Chinese Missions of Bangkok. Letter from Dr. Dean. The Chinese in Siam”, Baptist Missionary Magazine 51 (1871), pp. 380–83. Dibble, The Chinese in Thailand. Eaton, “The Chinese in Siam”. Landon, The Chinese in Thailand. Rousett, “Les Chinois”.Google ScholarSickels, D.H., “The Chinese in Siam”, Baptist Missionary Magazine 62 (1882), pp. 125–26.Google ScholarSinoniya, N.A., “Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia -A Russian Study”, Data Paper: Number 45 (Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, 1961).Google Scholar Skinner, Chinese Community Leadership. Skinner, Chinese Society. Skinner, Leadership and Power.

³¹ A compendium, albeit incomplete, of reasons for Thai-Chinese intermarriage from several sources drawn on by , Skinner, Chinese Community Leadership, pp. 162–63Google Scholar.

³² , Landon, The Chinese in Thailand, p. 16.Google Scholar

³³ , Amicus, “Progress in Siam”, Edinburgh Review 248 (1928), pp. 88–107.Google ScholarBangkok Advertising Corporation, “The City of Bangkok”, Motor Car Directory (Bangkok, 1924/1925).Google ScholarCook, E., “The Building of Modern Siam”, Asiatic Review 26 (1930), pp. 779–88.Google ScholarCredner, W., Siam das Land der Tai (Stuttgart, 1935).Google ScholarGraham, W.A., Siam (London, 1924).Google ScholarStanding, P.C., “Progress in Siam”, The Contemporary Review 125 (1924), pp. 762–68Google Scholar.

³⁴ , Gordon, “Economic Development”, pp. 291–93, 298.Google ScholarBattye, N.A., The Military Government and Society in Siam, 1868-1910: Politics and Military Reform During the Reign of King Chulalongkorn (Ithaca, 1974).Google ScholarFlood, C., The Dynastic Chronicles. Bangkok Era. The Fourth Reign (B.E. 2394-2411) [1851-1868] (Tokyo, 1965 and 1966).Google Scholar0. Frankfurter, “King Mongkut”, The Journal of the Siam Society 1 (1904), pp. 191–207.Google ScholarNartsupha, C. and Prasartset, S., eds., “Socio-Economic Institutions and Cultural Change in Siam 1851-1910: A Documentary Survey”, Southeast Asian Perspectives Series 4.(Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 1977)Google Scholar.

³⁵ Part of an outline, quoted exactly, of the responsibilities of the Division of Life Betterment in the Department of Public Welfare, created in 1941. Chutima, V., “Pioneeringa New Social Policy in Thailand”, Thailand Today (Department of Publicity, Bangkok, 1941), p. 40Google Scholar.

³⁶ Thomlinson, R., Thailand's Population: Fads, Trends. Problems, and Policies (Bangkok, 1971), p. 102.Google Scholar

³⁷ Quoted in Ibid., p. 102.

³⁸ Quoted in Ibid., p. 105.

³⁹ Stemstein, L., Redistribution of the Population of Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, the Capital District of Thailand (New Delhi, 1981), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Sternstein, L., “Thailand: Internal Migration and the Development of the Capital District”, Migration and Development in South-East Asia: A Demographic Perspective (Kuala Lumpur-Oxford-New York-Melbourne, 1979), p. 32.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Thomlinson, R., “Bangkok: ‘Beau Ideal’ of a Primate City”, Population Review: Demography of Developing Countries 16, 1&2 (1972), pp. 32–38.Google Scholar