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15 Symes, Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava, p. 215; see further Sarah Heminway Maxim, ‘The resemblance in external appearance: The colonial project in Kuala Lumpur and Rangoon’ (PhD diss., Cornell University, 1992), pp. 34–5.

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17 Grant, Rough pencillings, pp. 34–5.

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19 Pearn, A history of Rangoon, pp. 195–6.

20 Seekins, State and society in modern Rangoon, pp. 29–30; Pearn, A history of Rangoon, pp. 181–2. They did this during the occupation of Rangoon during the first Anglo-Burmese War as well.

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24 Hall, Dalhousie–Phayre correspondence.

25 Henry Keighly, ‘Report on the city of Rangoon’, in Report on the administration of the province of Pegu for 1855–1856 (Calcutta: n.p., 1856), p. xxvii.

26 Phayre, letter to Government, 8 Apr. 1853, India Office Records P/200/28 no. 133, British Library.

27 Pearn, A history of Rangoon, p. 196, quoting Phayre's personal diary for December 1852. While one reviewer pointed out that in contemporary Burmese kyaung can refer to a number of types of buildings, including schools which derive their names from the history of monastery education, reading multiple early and mid-nineteenth century sources confirms that kyaung or kioum used in English had a clear and singular meaning that referred to monastery buildings. My thanks to Alexey Kirichenko for his confirmation of usage in 18th and 19th century sources.

28 Ibid., p. 181.

29 Maxim, ‘Resemblance in external appearance’, pp. 33–5.

30 Pearn, A history of Rangoon, p. 187.

31 Ibid.

32 Maxim, ‘Resemblance in external appearance’.

33 Pearn, A history of Rangoon, p. 194. See ‘Rules for grants of town allotments in Rangoon, October 1853’, in Browne, Horace C., A manual of rules, regulations, notification, etc in force in the province of Pegu (Rangoon: Pegu Press, 1861), pp. 85–8Google Scholar. This was the goal set by Phayre's plan for the city, but it seems many did not comply with the rule of building with brick in the early years. ‘Plan for the grants of town and suburban allotments Rangoon’, Oct. 1853, India Office Records, IOR/P/200/40 21, 104, British Library.

34 Browne, A manual of rules. ‘Eccl burial grounds Rangoon’, 1855 India Office Records, IOR/E/4/835, p. 698, British Library.

35 Pearn, A history of Rangoon, p. 195. ‘Phayre to Govt re grant sites for churches, chapels and Buddhist monasteries free of charge and rent’, 16 Sept. 1853, India Office Records IOR/P/200/38, no. 119, British Library; ‘Govt to Phayre re: Rules for granting lands for timber and shipyards and churches and chapels’, 16 Sept. 1853, India Office Records, IOR/P/200/38, no. 124, British Library; ‘Eccl Rangoon, Roman Catholic Chapel, grant for’, 1855, India Office Records, IOR/E/4/835, p. 1207, British Library; ‘Ecclesiastical establishment, churches and chapels, Rangoon, building used for, pending building of cantonment, 1855, India Office Records, IOR/E/4/831, p. 263, British Library. For further discussion of these grants see: Ware, ‘Origins of Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar/Burma’.

36 Ware, ‘Origins of Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar/Burma’, p. 30. Phayre turned down a request for a land grant to the Freemasons: ‘Application for the grant of land for the Masonic lodge “Star of Burma”’, Acc 1/1(A), File 368 B-22, Myanmar National Archives, Yangon.

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42 Religious processions and festivals, of course, continued to spill out onto the streets in colonial Rangoon, but as the archives of the colonial administration attest, these caused both consternation and intense regulation by the state. ‘Riots between Mohammedans and Hindus in Rangoon’, 25 July 1893, India Office Records Public and Judicial Department, IOR/L/PJ/6/354, File 1532, British Library.

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