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Balinese concepts of letters in a Burmese context

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

Extract

Over the years of studying the magical powers of words in the Burmese Buddhist context, I spent much of my research on the inner workings of the letter and phrase combinations and how the correct construction, combination and usage of these words, known in Burmese as inn, aing, and sama made for a potent prophylactic against a host of maladies. So focused had I been on the words that I had not taken the time to consider the individual letters, in and of themselves, before they went on to be combined into esoteric phrases and diagrams. Moreover, I had devoted my research to examining the ways Burmese words were predominantly seen to protect, purify, and even attack, but had never considered other ways in which letters may ‘do’ things, as Fox points out: namely, ‘represent cultural identity’; ‘embody and transmit knowledge’; ‘animate and enable’; ‘render things usable and so nameable’; ‘turn on their user’; and ‘both incur and pay debts’. While I cannot address each of these points in this short essay, I would like to discuss how Fox's book helped me to discover new ways of interpreting how letters and words may transfer their powers to people and things (‘embody and transmit knowledge’), as well as encouraging me to look into concepts of how, and if, letters can be considered ‘alive’ (‘animate and enable’) in the Burmese context.

Type
Short Essay
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore, 2022

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Footnotes

The author would like to thank Thomas Hunter, Richard Fox, and Verena H. Meyer for their support.

References

1 Fox, Richard, More than words: Transforming script, agency, and collective life in Bali (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018), p. 60Google Scholar.

2 Ibid. Italics in original.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Vepullārāma Cha rā toʻ, Vijjā Maya Paññā Hmatʻ Cu Kyamʻʺ [Treatise on esoteric knowledge] (Praññʻ: Vepullārāma Kyoṅʻ tuikʻ, n.d.), pp. 116–21. More often, however, we find words that point to an adjective and not a phrasal verb. Such words include ‘potent’ (aswan) or ‘powerful’ (da-go).

7 Fox, More than words, p. 175.

8 One elderly man, for instance, recounted in a popular magazine how he believed this image protected him and his village from bombing raids and rapacious Japanese soldiers during the Second World War. See Ae Rvhe, ‘Koṅʻʺ Kyo’ Pyaññʻ Pwaʺ Kapʻ Khyoʻ Bhyaññʻʺ Navaṅʻʺ Bhurāʺ’ [Buddha yantra that protects the country from catastrophes and brings benefit], Yoṅʻ Praṅʻ Maggajaṅʻʺ, Ranʻ kunʻ 230 (Mar. 2013): 93–4.

9 Spiro, Melford E., Buddhism and society: A great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 153CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 McDaniel, Justin, ‘Paritta and raksa texts’, in Encyclopedia of Buddhism, ed. Buswell, Robert E. (New York: Macmillan, 2004), p. 635Google Scholar.