¹ “The Expansion of British Influence in the Malayan Peninsula, 1867–1885”.

² See Tregonning, K.G. (ed.), Malaysian Historical Sources (Singapore, 1962), pp. 70–77.Google Scholar

³ This is common when seminars are held from time to time and the press periodically highlights the speeches of politicians.

⁴ In Malaysia, the more popular expression is “the restructuring of society”.

⁵ See, e.g., Agstja, I.K. (Ibrahim Yaacob), Sedjarah dan Perjuangan di Malaya [History and Struggle in Malaya] (Djokjakarta, 1948)Google Scholar; Syahba, , Pesaka Naning [The Legacies of Naning] (Kuala Pilah, 1951)Google Scholar; Daud, Zainal Abidin, Sejarah Malaya Merdeka [History of Independent Malaya] (Kuala Pilah, 1957 ?)Google Scholar; and Abdullah, Yahya, Peperangan Tok Janggut atau Balasan Derhaka [The War of Tok Janggut or Requital for Treason] (Kota Bahru, 1955)Google Scholar.

⁶ Among the heroes popularized after 1945 were Tok Janggut (Kelantan), Datuk Bahaman (Pahang), and Datuk Maharaja Lela (Perak). In a work entitled Orang Besar Tanah Ayer [Great Men of the Nation], published in Penang in 1958, the author (Darus Ahmad) drew up a list of 23 names which included Hang Tuah (of the Melaka Sultanate), Tun Seri Lanang (presumed author of the Sejarah Melayu), Phra Ong Mahawangsa (from the Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa), Dol Said of Naning, Haji Abdul Rahim Kajai (the most respected of Malay journalists in the 1930s), Sayid Syeikh Al-Hadi (of Kaum Muda fame), Datuk Bahaman, and Datuk Maharaja Lela.

⁷ See, e.g., Hussein, Shahrom, Tawarikh Johor [History of Johor] (Singapore, 1950)Google Scholar; Musa, Abdullah Haji, Sejarah Perak Dahulu dan Sekarang [History of Perak Before and Now] (Singapore, 1957 ?)Google Scholar; bin Haji Mohd. Daud, Haji Mohd. Mokhtar, Singgahsana Negeri Pahang [The Throne of the State of Pahang] (Pekan, 1957?)Google Scholar; and Misbaha, , Mengkaji Sejarah Trengganu [A Study of Trengganu History], 3 vols. (Singapore, 1954)Google Scholar.

⁸ Mat Kilau was one of the leaders of the anti-British uprising in Pahang in the early 1890s. Among the principal leaders of the uprising were Datuk Bahaman, one of the eight major Chiefs (Orang Besar Berlapan) and Tok Gajah who held the very distinguished title of Orang Besar Raja (a status on par with that of the 4 major Chiefs or Orang Besar Berempat) Tok Gajah was the father of Mat Kllan. The Acting Superintendent, Pahang Armed Police, R.W. Duff (later to found the Kelantan Duff Syndicate) had reported, in 1896, that Mat Kilau was kilted by the Siamese in Kuala Rek, Kelantan. Apparently, first “Mat Kilau had his head split open with his own sword”. Later, “the torturing was renewed, and finally To Nai, a Siamese official, by sheer force twisted Mat Kilau's neck and broke it”. (See Foreign Office Papers [printed] No. 100, C.O. to F.O., 22 July 1896, Encl. 2, Duff to Acting British Resident, Pahang, 24 Apr. 1896, pp. 102–7.)

⁹ Datuk Bahaman was reported to have died in Siam while in exile. (See C.O. 273/402, Letter of Prince Devawongse dated 12 Aug. 1913.)

¹⁰ There was some talk in 1977 that Tok Sa'gor was alive in Perak. Tok Sa'gor was one of the Perak chiefs believed to have been involved in the killing of J.W.W. Birch at Pasir Salak. According to official report, he was hanged at Matang (Larut) together with another chief, Datuk Maharaja Lela, on 20 Jan. 1877.

¹¹ Gullick's, J.M.Indigenous Political Systems of Western Malaya (London, 1958Google Scholar) was a prescribed text for students of Malay culture; it was not well known to history students.

¹² See Roff, W.R., “Social History and Its Materials in Malaysia”, in Peninjau Sejarah 3, 1 (1968): 13–20Google Scholar. This was a paper presented at a seminar (1967) held specifically to update the school teachers' knowledge of history in general and Malaysian history in particular.

¹³ At a session discussing the subject of “National Integration” during the International Conference on Southeast Asian Studies (held in the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 23–26 February 1972), the participants unanimously agreed that there was urgent need for good descriptive works on Southeast Asia societies.

¹⁴ Materials on the Chinese are particularly numerous. British administrative papers alone contain invaluable information on many aspects of Malaysian Chinese society, ranging from social problems (such as prostitution, opium smoking, the Mui Tsai question, etc.) to secret societies and political organizations. In Taipeh too can be found a large collection of records on overseas Chinese. (See Yen Huang, Ching, The Overseas Chinese and the 1911 Revolution (Kuala Lumpur, 1977Google Scholar), Bibliography). For further information about writings in Chinese and Japanese on overseas Chinese, see also Purcell, V., The Chinese in Southeast Asia (Oxford, 1965Google Scholar), Bibliography, pt. II, “Works in Chinese and Japanese”. As for scholarly works in English, a useful list appears in Nevadomsky, Joseph-john and Li, Alice, The Chinese in Southeast Asia: A Selected Bibliography of Publications in Western Languages, 1960–1970 (Berkeley, 1970), pp. 29–94.Google Scholar

¹⁵ There is a great deal more written on the Malaysian Indians than most people realize. Among the published works in English, the following may be mentioned: Geoghegan, T., Emigration from India (Calcutta, 1873)Google Scholar; Majoribanks, N.E. and Marakkayar, A.T., Report on Indian Labour Emigration to Ceylon and Malaya (Madras, 1917)Google Scholar; Moothedeen, A.V., Our Countrymen in Malaya (Trivandrum, 1932)Google Scholar; Krishnan, R.B., The Indians in Malaya (Singapore, 1936)Google Scholar; Nair, M.N., Indians in Malaya (Koduvayur, 1937)Google Scholar; Sastri, V.S. Srinivasa, Reprint of Reports on the Conditions of Indian Labour in Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, 1937)Google Scholar; Lohia, Ram Manohar, Indians in Foreign Lands (Allahabad, 1938)Google Scholar; Aiyer, K.A. Neelakandha, Indian Problems in Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, 1938)Google Scholar; S.A. Das and K.B. Subbiah, Chalo Delhi: An Historical Account of the Indian Independence Movement in East Asia (Kuala Lumpur, n.d.); Gangulee, N., Indians in the Empire Overseas (London, 1947)Google Scholar; Sastri, C. Siva Rama, Congress Mission to Malaya (Tenali, 1947)Google Scholar; Chettur, S.K., Malayan Adventure (Mangalore, 1948)Google Scholar; Nanjundan, S., Indians in the Malayan Economy (New Delhi, 1950)Google Scholar; Kondapi, C., Indians Overseas, 1839–1947 (New Delhi, 1951)Google Scholar; Rajkumar, N.V., Indians Outside India (New Delhi, 1951)Google Scholar; Raghavan, N., India and Malaya: A Study (London, 1954Google Scholar). Note that many of these works were published in India.

Among the more recent and more scholarly works are: Mahajani, Usha, The Role of Indian Minorities in Burma and Malaya (Bombay, 1960)Google Scholar; Sandhu, K.S., Indians in Malaya: Immigration and Settlement, 1786–1957 (Cambridge, 1969)Google Scholar; Arasaratnam, S., Indians in Malaysia and Singapore (London, 1970)Google Scholar; and Jain, R.K., South Indians on the Plantation Frontier in Malaya (New Haven, 1970).Google Scholar

British administrative records also contain ample data on Indian labourers. Some of these, in the form of investigation reports on abuses in the plantations, provide a graphic picture of Indian life in the estates. Before the Second World War, newspapers in India (particularly Madras) devoted much space to problems of Indian labourers overseas. The most informative of these papers was the Swadeshamitram (Madras).

¹⁶ See Yen Ching Huang, op. cit.

¹⁷ See bin Mat Ton, Abdul Aziz, “Al-Imam Sepintas Lalu”, in Jernal Sejarah, 11 (1972/1973): 29–40.Google Scholar

¹⁸ I have dealt with this subject at some length in my Ph.D. thesis, “The Beginnings of Political Extremism in Malaya, 1915–1935” (University of Malaya, 1973)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ This is not to imply that no part of the Malay society was made up of people from outside the Peninsula. Up to 1941, a large proportion of the Malay population was indeed composed of people from various parts of Sumatra. But, historically, Sumatran society has been just as tittle studied as the Peninsular Malay society. Historians of Malay society cannot therefore expect much help from Sumatran historiography. Also, in the principal areas of Malay concentration (Kelantan and Kedah), migration from Sumatra had been negligible, the existence of a distinct Acehnese community in Kedah notwithstanding. Above all, what has to be borne in mind is that when speaking of the Malay society in historical terms, the present political boundaries should not be allowed to impinge on cultural reality. The Malay world was of course a larger unit than just the Peninsula. Patani, for example, may be considered foreign territory today by Malaysians; culturally, it was very much a part of the Malay world. Therefore, what is meant here is that the orientation has to be towards the Malay Archipelago but, at the same time, recognizing the fact that there were (and still are) important local variations within the larger Malay culture.

²⁰ One of the graduation exercises of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia has been published; see bin Haji Abdullah, Nabir, Maahad Il Ihya Assyariff Gunung Semanggol, 1934–1959 (Kuala Lumpur, 1976)Google Scholar.

²¹ Some of the more concise research papers (hereafter abbreviated RP) as well as extracts from graduation exercises (hereafter abbreviated GE) have been published. See, for example. bin Ismail, Mohamad, “Suara Benar — Akhbar Melayu Terawal di Melaka” [Suara Benar — Earliest Malay Paper in Melaka], Jernal Sejarah (JS) 11 (1972/1973): 49–54Google Scholar; bin Mohd. Nor, Shamsuddin, “Sejarah Kampar (Perak) 1890an–1930an” [History of Kampar [Perak] 1890s–1930s], JS 13 (1975/1976): 8–14Google Scholar; bin Mohd. Basri, Mohd. Pawazi, “Perkembangan Ekonomi dan Infrastruktur Batu Pahat 1880–1917” [The Development of Economy and Infrastructure in Batu Pahat, 1880–1917], JS, 12 (1973/1974): 22–35Google Scholar; bin Saad, Abdul Manaf, “Haji Wan Sulaiman bin Wan Sidek, 1874–1935”. JS 15 (1977/1978): 104–16Google Scholar; Ching, Oong Hak (Universiti Kebangsaan), “Perjuangan Partai Malaya, 1956–1957” [The Malayan Party's Struggle, 1956–1957], Malaysia in History (MH), 18, 1 (1975)Google Scholar; Dahalan, Zulkepley (Universiti Kebangsaan), “Syarikat Kerjasama Melayu Perak: Penubuhan dan Perkembangan Awal” [The Perak Malay Co-operative Society: Formation and Early Development], MH. 18, 2 (1975)Google Scholar; Bakar, Yahaya Abu, “Kebangkitan Tok Janggut Menentang Jepun” [The Tok Janggut Uprising against the Japanese], MH, 19, 1 (1976).Google Scholar

Two graduation exercises of the University of Malaya have also been published. See Abdul Bakar, Latiff Abu, Ishak Haji Muhammad: Penulis and Ahli Politik Sehingga 1948 [Ishak Haji Muhammad: Writer and Politician until 1948] (Kuala Lumpur, 1977)Google Scholar; and Mohammad, Alias, Intelijensia Melayu Kelantan: Satu Pandangan Awal [The Malay Intelligentsia of Kelantan: A Preliminary View] (Kota Bharu, 1977)Google Scholar.

²² There are also many studies which do not fit the categories mentioned here. A few examples will suffice: Rofithah Haji Hashim, “Sejarah dan Peranan Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja” [The History and Role of the Royal Malay Regiment], GE, 1974; Mohd. Sanuani bin Kaimi, “Suku Banjar: Dari Kelantan Tenggara ke Sabak Bernam” [The Banjarese: From Southeast Kelantan to Sabak Bernam], GE, 1975; Abdul Rahman Hussin, “Perkembangan Persatuan-persatuan Peladang di Negeri Sembilan, 1960–1973” [The Development of the Planters' Associations in Negeri Sembilan, 1960–1973], GE, 1976; and Hamsan Omar, “Persaudaraan Sahabat Pena Malaya” [The Malayan Fraternity of Pen-Friends], GE, 1977.

²³ E.g., Ismail bin Abdul Hadi, “Sejarah Mukim Gadung” [A History of Mukim Gadung], GE, 1973; Mohd. Jais-Jais Sarfan, “Bandar Temasha dan Jugra”, GE, 1974; Shamsuddin Haji Zayadi, “Sejarah Kampung Bagan 1860–1940” [A History of Kampung Bagan, 1860–1940], GE, 1975; Fadzlullah Zakaria, “Masyarakat Jeram dalam Transisi, 1800–1920an” [Jeram Society in Transition, 1800–1920s], GE, 1976; Badriyah Haji Salleh, “Pembukaan Kampung Haji Salleh dan Perkembangan Madrasah Saadiah-Salihiah, Temoh, Perak, 1914–1959” [The Opening of Kampung Haji Salleh and the Development of the Madrasah Saadiah-Salihiah, Temoh, Perak, 1914–1959], GE, 1977, Zainuddin Haji Zainal Abidin, “Sungai Choh: Pembukaan Perkembangan, Perpecahan, 1900–1950” [Sungai Choh: Foundation, Development, Disintegration, 1900–1950], RP, 1973.

²⁴ E.g., Rahim bin Abdullah, “Perkembangan Institusi Pondok di Kelantan” [The Development of the Institution of Pondok in Kelantan], RP, 1973; Md. Jani Nairn, “Perkembangan Institusi Pendidikan Ugama Islam di Daerah Sabak Bernam” [The Development of Islamic Educational Institutions in the District of Sabak Bernam], GE, 1974; Jaafar Mat Sani, “Madrasah Al-Yahyawiyah, Padang Rengas”, GE, 1975; Khairiah Bahari, “Madrasah Al-Taufikiah Al-Khairiah”, GE, 1976; Abu Bakar Haji Abdullah, “Sejarah dan Perkembangan Persekolahan Melayu dan Ugama di Mukim Langgar, Kedah” [The History and Development of Malay and Religious Schools in the Mukim of Langgar, Kedah], GE, 1977; Mohd. Noor bin Sulong, “Madrasah Al-Saniah Lil-Banat, 1934–1970”, RP, 1977; and Saniyah bte Abas, “Al-Madrasah Al-Alwiyah Al-Madiniah, Arau, Perlis, 1933–1967”, RP, 1977.

There are also valuable studies on the development of secular schools: Zainuddin bin Leman, “Perkembangan Pelajaran Melayu di Selangor, 1875–1930” [The Development of Malay Education in Selangor, 1875–1930], GE, 1972; Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman, “Perkembangan Pelajaran Sekolah Melayu di Kelantan Sebelum Perang” [The Development of Malay Vernacular Education in Kelantan before the War], GE, 1973; Abdul Rahim Abdullah, “Sejarah Pendidikan Orang Melayu Melaka Zaman British” [A History of the Education of Melaka Malays during the British Period], GE, 1975; Mohd. Idris Abdullah bin Abdullah Sani, “Perkembangan Pelajaran Melayu Negeri lohor hingga Tahun 1940” [The Development of Malay Education in Johor until 1940], GE, 1975; and Ibrahim Haji Abdul Rahman, “Perkembangan Pelajaran Inggeris di Kelantan” [The Development of English Education in Kelantan], GE, 1977.

²⁵ Many Malay newspapers and periodicals have been examined; among them are: Pengasuh, Bulan Melayu, Utusan Melayu, Seruan Rakyat, Fikiran Rakyat, Melayu Raya, Qalam, and Pelita Malaya.

²⁶ Until recently there have been only two known studies on the subject. See Kenelm O.L. Burridge, “Racial Relations in Johore” Australian Journal of Politics and History 2, 2 (1957): 151–68; and Goh Kim Guat, “Sino-Malay Relations in Malaya, 1945–1955”, GE (University of Malaya, Singapore, 1960).

²⁷ There has been at least a preliminary survey of every one of the areas where racial violence occurred in 1945/46. Among the more valuable studies are: Ghazali Basri, “Hilir Perak: Sejarah Hubungan Ras Zaman Pendudukan Jepun sehingga Pemerintahan Tentera British, 1942–1946” [Lower Perak: A History of Race Relations during the Period of Japanese Occupation until the Period of British Military Administration, 1942–1946], GE, 1974; Kamaruddin Mohd. Piah, “Kampung Bekur sejak 1900: Satu Kajian Sejarah Tempatan dengan Rojokan Khas kepada Trajedi 6 Mac 1946” [Kampung Bekur since 1900: A Study of Local History with Special Reference to the Tragedy of 6 March 1946], GE, 1974; Musak Mantrak, “Sejarah Masyarakat Majmuk di Mukim VII, Batu Pahat, Johor, 1900–1945” [The History of a Plural Society in the 7th Mukim, Batu Pahat, Johor, 1900–1945], GE, 1974.

The more general studies include the following: Mat Karim bin Ujang, “Komunis dan Hubungan China-Melayu di Kuala Pilah” [The Communists and Sino-Malay Relations in Kuala Pilah], RP, 1975; Mohd. Daim Dahalan, “Hubungan China-Melayu di Mukim Layang-Layang, Parit, Perak” [Sino-Malay Relations in the Mukim of Layang-Layang, Parit, Perak], RP, 1975; Ahmad Anuar Abdul Hamid, “Konflik Perkauman di Baling selepas Percubaan Bintang Tiga untuk Berkuasa” [Communal Conflict in Baling after the Three Stars attempted to seize Power], RP, 1975; Norani bte Mohd. Salleh, “Perang Parang Panjang, Batu Pahat, 1945” [The War of the Long Parang, Batu Pahat, 1945], RP, 1976; Samsudin bin Abdul Rahman, “Hubungan Kaum: Satu Tinjauan Ringkas ke atas Pekan Simpang Rengam, Johor” [Communal Relations: A Brief Survey of Pekan Simpang Rengam, Johor], RP, 1975; Izham bin Ismail, “Peristiwa di Bukit Junun dan di Alor Setar” [Incidents at Bukit Junun and Alor Star], RP, 1975.

²⁸ “Some Malay Historical Sources: A Bibliographical Note”, in An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography, Soedjatmoko, , Ali, Mohamad, Resink, G.J., and Kahin, G.McT. (New York, 1965), pp. 156–93.Google Scholar

²⁹ I have been able to list slightly over 60 titles of historical works in Malay written by local/non-academic historians between 1900 and the early 1970s. Except for a few, the rest are not found in Bottoms' list.

³⁰ In an attempt to recover these works, the students have industriously searched for surviving manuscripts or books. Several of these works have been romanized (if the origins are in jawi), edited with annotations, and submitted as graduation exercises. E.g., bin Haji Yaacob, Ibrahim, Melihat Tanah Air (Kota Bharu, 1941)Google Scholar; Mohd. Ali bin Abu Bakar, “Tarikh Al-Marhum Sultan Zainal Abidin III” (unpublished manuscript, 1963); Daud, Zainal Abidin, Riwayat Tanjong Malim (Kuala Pilah, 1947)Google Scholar; bin Ishak, Abdul Aziz, Katak Keluar dan Bawah Tempurung (Singapore, 1959)Google Scholar; and Rashid, Arifin Abdul, Ringkasan Sejarah Kelantan (Kota Bharu, 1963)Google Scholar.

³¹ All the persons mentioned above have already been studied.

³² See, e.g., Bauer, T., “Nationalism and Politics in Malaya”, Foreign Affairs 25, 3 (1947): 503–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carnell, Francis G., “Communalism and Communism in Malaya”, Pacific Affairs 26, 2 (1953): 99–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dartford, Gerald P., “Malaya: Problems of a Polyglot Society”, Current History 34, 197 (1958): 346–51Google Scholar; Finkelstein, Lawrence S., “Prospects for Self-Government in Malaya”, Far Eastern Survey 21, 2 (1952), 9–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morrison, Ian, “Aspects of the Racial Problem in Malaya”, Pacific Affairs 22, 3 (1949): 239–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Naksih, R.A.W., “Malaya's Racial Problems”, United Asia, 1958Google Scholar; Rees-Williams, David R., “The Constitutional Position in Malaya”, Pacific Affairs 20, 2 (1947): 174–78Google Scholar; Seitelman, Max, “Malaya in Transition”, Far Eastern Survey 16, 10 (1947): 109–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Silcock, T.H., “Forces for Unity in Malaya”, International Affairs 25 (1949)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³³ E.g., Safar Haji Awang, “Penubuhan Parti-parti Politik dan Pilihan Raya Umum di kalangan Orang-orang Melayu Besut, 1945–1969” [The Formation of Political Parties and the General Elections among Malays in Besut, 1945–1969], GE, 1975; Ramli Naam, “Sejarah Penubuhan UMNO Bahagian Kuala Pilah serta Kegiatan dan Perjuangannya sehingga 1955” [A History of the Formation of the Kuala Pilah Division of UMNO as well as Its Activities and Struggle until 1955], GE, 1976; Muhamad Sidek bin Khalid, “Parti Negara di Kawasan Dusun Tua” [Parti Negara in the Area of Dusun Tua], RP, 1976; Zulkepli bin Ahmad, “UMNO Kuala Kubu Baharu, 1974–1976”, RP, 1976; Abdul Shani bin Ariffin, “Kemunculan dan Kejayaan PAS Negeri Kedah dalam Pilihan Raya 1969” [The Emergence and Success of PAS, Kedah, in the General Elections of 1969], RP, 1976; Idris bin Ahmad, “Sejarah Ringkas Perkembar, Batu Pahat, 1946–1971” [A Short History of UMNO, Batu Pahat, 1946–1971], RP, 1977.

³⁴ See Muhammad bin Abdullah, “Tok Kenali: Ulama Besar dan Tokoh Pendidikan Kelantan” [Tok Kenali: Eminent Ulama and Leading Educationist of Kelantan], RP, 1973; also, bin Haji Salleh, Abdullah Al-Qari, Sejarah Hidup Tok Kenali (Kota Bharu, 1967.Google Scholar)

³⁵ It must be pointed out that some sekolah pondok also used the name madrasah; e.g., Madrasah Ahmadiah in Bunut Payung and Madrasah Diniah Al-Badariah in Pasir Tumbuh, both in Kelantan. But, as mentioned earlier, from the point of view of pedagogical approach and curriculum content, there were important differences between the pondok schools and the madrasah.

³⁶ In Melaka the Kaum Muda encountered strong resistance from the Kaum Tua, in a proselytizing sense. For many years, the madrasah established by the Kaum Tua were more influential. Two of the better known ones were the Madrasah Khairyah Muhammadiah and the Madrasah Nurul Dinniah (Paya Rumput).

³⁷ See Yusof bin Jusoh, “Gerakan Politik Kiri Orang Melayu Pulau Pinang, 1945–1948” [Penang Malay Leftist Political Movement, 1945–1948], RP, 1977; Mukhtar bin Ramli, “Angkatan Pemuda Insaf”, GE, 1975; Abdul Malek bin Md. Hanafiah, “Sejarah Perjuangan Kesatuan Melayu Muda 1937–1945” [A History of the Struggle of the Union of Malay Youths], GE (Universiti Kebangsaan), 1974; Boestamam, Ahmad, Merintis Jalan ke Puncak [Pioneering the Way to Independence], (Kuala Lumpur, 1972)Google Scholar; Nabir bin Haji Abdullah, op. cit., pp. 154–201.

³⁸ See Baharuddin bin Abdul Majid, “Saberkas: Pergerakan dan Perjuangannya 1944–1956” [Saberkas: Its Development and Struggle, 1944–1956], GE, 1976.

³⁹ See bin Haji Mohamad Daud Al-Ahmadi, Abdul Rahman, “Satu Kajian dan Perbandingan Riwayat Hidup Kadir Adabi dengan Asaad Shukri” [A Comparative Study of the Careers of Kadir Adabi and Asaad Shukri], (M.A. thesis, University of Malaya, 1978)Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ See Adnan Haji Mohd. Nawang, “Za'ba, 1896–1973: Satu Tinjauan tentang Kegiatan-kegiatannya” [Za'ba, 1896–1973: A Survey of His Activities], GE, 1977, p. 24. This is the first serious biographical study of Za'ba.

⁴¹ See Kim, Khoo Kay, “Keterlibatan Orang-orang Melayu dalam Persatuan-persatuan Sulit” [Malay Involvement in Secret Organizations], Jernal Sejarah 14 (1976/1977): 65.Google Scholar

⁴² This relates to the incident in Sungai Manik. I was in Teluk Anson in 1945, living about 1½ miles from the scene of furious fighting, which was a railway bridge spanning the Bidor River which divides Teluk Anson from Sungai Manik. Then in 1966 I interviewed two of the Chinese leaders of that period — Tan Poh Aun, head of the Chinese community in Teluk Anson, and the late Yeoh Guan Leong, head of the Chinese community in Bagan Datuk (about 28 miles from Teluk Anson). Yeoh Guan Leong was particularly informative. According to him, the MPAJA, having initially found acceptance among the Malays, became complacent and insolent. For example, they became too free with the Malay girls, thereby rousing the sensitivities of the Malays.

⁴³ See Sapari bin Haji Yunus, “Suatu Peristiwa di Simpang Kiri, Batu Pahat” [An Incident at Simpang Kiri, Batu Pahat], RP, 1973, p. 8; Ahmad Kamil Rahman, “Haji Abdul Latiff Rentah”, GE, 1977, p. 77. See also Salmah Sheikh Brix. “Panglima Salleh”, GE, 1976.

⁴⁴ See Taslim bin Sarbini, “Sejarah Kehidupan Sosial Masyarakat Jawa di Parit Raja, Batu Pahat” [Social History of the Javanese Community in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat], RP, 1974; Salim bin H. Tahir, “Satu Kajian mengenai Kedatangan dan Masyarakat Jawa di Negeri Melaka” [A Study of Javanese Immigration and Community in Melaka], RP, 1975; Ahmad Sukardi bin Aziz, “Masyarakat Jawa di Kampung Jawa, Prai dan di Kampung Baharu, Simpang Empat, Seberang Prai — Satu Perbandingan Ringkas” [The Javanese Community in Kampung Jawa, Prai and in Kampung Baharu, Simpang Empat, Seberang Prai — A Brief Comparison], RP, 1974; Musa bin Bulat, “Sistem Pentadbiran dalam Adat Perpateh khususnya Kedudukan Datuk Penghulu di Naning” [The Administrative System in the Adat Perpateh with special reference to the Position of the Datuk Penghulu in Naning], RP, 1974; Mohd. Yacob Haji Husin, “Masyarakat Majmuk di Kampung Behrang Station, Tanjong Malim” [Plural Society in Kampung Behrang Station, Tanjong Malim], RP, 1973; Shaharuddin Abdul Majid, “Masyarakat Majmuk di Beranang Hulu, Negeri Sembilan” [Plural Society in Beranang Hulu, Negeri Sembilan] RP, 1973; Suratin bte Omar, “Sejarah Penempatan dan Perubahan Komuniti Minangkabau di Kampung Sungai Sekah, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan” [The Minangkabau Community in Kampung Sungai Sekah, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan: A History of Settlement and Change], RP, 1977; Masbah bin Mohd. Taha, “Sejarah Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Tradisi Gamelan Trengganu, 1900–1977” [A History of the Growth and Development of the Gamelan Tradition in Trengganu, 1900–1977], RP, 1977; and Hashim Embong, “Kesenian Rodat di Trengganu” [Rodat as an Art in Trengganu], RP, 1977.

⁴⁵ See G. Palanivel, “A Study of the Background to Malayan Indian Politics, 1900–1941”, GE, 1971; Kok Loy Fatt, “History of Ampang (1900–1914) with special reference to the Chinese Community”, GE, 1971; Ang Ing Ing, “A History of Pulau Ketam (A Chinese Settlement)”, GE, 1976; Ranjit Singh Malhi, “The Punjabi Newspapers and Sikh Organizations of Kuala Lumpur”, GE, 1976; Robert Lian, “An Ethno-History of the Kelabit Tribe of Sarawak”, GE, 1976; Wan Jaafar bin Wan Ahmad, “Asal-usul dan Kehidupan Orang-orang Siam di Kampung Baharu Naka, Kedah, 1948–1975” [The Origins and Lives of the Siamese in Kampung Baharu Naka, Kedah, 1948–1975], GE, 1976; Ngian Sillang, “The Social History of the Pre-Brooke Period in Sarawak”, GE, 1977; V. Munian, “Tamil Schools in Kedah: Beginning and Development, 1930–1974”, RP, 1974; Daud bin Haji Mohamed Noor, “Masyarakat Sikh di Segamat, Johor”, RP, 1974; Subramaniyan A. Nambiar, “Hinduism among the South Indians in Malaysia”, RP, 1974; Husain bin Embong, “Sejarah Masyarakat China di Kampung Manir, Trengganu, 1920an–1970an” [A History of the Chinese Community in Kampung Manir, Trengganu, 1920s–1970s], RP, 1977; Abdul Aziz Mamat, “Sejarah Kedatangan Orang China ke Bandar Kota Bharu, Kelantan” [A History of Chinese Immigration to the Town of Kota Bharu, Kelantan], RP, 1977; and Ibrahim bin Mat Din, “Satu Tinjauan Ringkas mengenai MCA Kelantan” [A Brief Survey of MCA Kelantan], RP, 1977.

⁴⁶ E.g., Ismail Ibrahim, “Zaman Jepun di Pulau Langkawi, 1941–1945” [The Japanese Occupation in Pulau Langkawi, 1941–1945], GE, 1977; Md. Isa bin Ariffin, “Sejarah Pemerintahan Jepun di Jitra, Kedah” [A History of Japanese Rule in Jitra, Kedah], RP, 1977; Jaafar bin Hamzah, “Masyarakat Tasek Gelugur di bawah Pemerintahan Jepun” [The Tasek Gelugur Community under Japanese Rule], RP, 1976; and Mat Rofie bin Dolah, “Pasir Mas 1941–1945”, RP, 1977.

⁴⁷ See Jalaluddin Othman, “Haji Bahari Tokoh Pejuang Gerila” [Haji Bahari Ace Guerilla Fighter], GE, 1976; Abdul Fatah bin Abdullah, “Haji Ahmad Payung Terjun dan Pasukan 136” [Haji Ahmad the Parachutist and the Force 136], RP, 1974.

⁴⁸ See Mustafa Yasin, “Perkembangan Pertanian di Jajahan Bachok, 1960–1970” [The Development of Agriculture in Bachok, 1960–1970], GE, 1976; Mat Nasir Mohamed, “Kelantan: Sistem Perhubungan dan Perkembangan Ekonomi Perdagangan, 1903–1938” [Kelantan: The System of Communication and the Development of Commercial Economy, 1903–1938], GE, 1977; Abdul Hamid bin Abdul Rahman, “Perkembangan Pertanian Pekebun-pekebun Kecil di Batu Pahat, Johor, 1965–1975” [The Development of Agricultural Smallholdings in Batu Pahat, Johor, 1965–1975], GE, 1977; Aman Ahmad, “Keadaan Sosio-Ekonomi Pekebun-pekebun Kecil Nenas, Daerah Pontian” [The Socio-Economic Conditions of Pineapple Smallholders in the District of Pontian], GE, 1977.

⁴⁹ E.g., Habsah Samad, “Sejarah Ringkas Syarikat Guru-guru Melayu Melaka, 1926–1976” [A Short History of the Malay Teachers' Co-operative Society, Melaka, 1926–1976], RP, 1976.

⁵⁰ See Salahudin Abdul Rahman, “Kepentingan Penggawa Daerah dalam Birokrasi dan Masyarakat Kelantan” [Significance of the District Penggawa in Kelantan's Bureaucracy and Society], RP, 1974; Normadiah bte Ismail, “Sistem Pentadbiran Penghulu Daerah Jasin, Melaka, sebelum dan selepas Merdeka” [The Penghulu Administrative System in the District of Jasin, Melaka, before and after Independence], RP, 1977.

⁵¹ See Mohd. Nor bin Mohd. Arnin, “Jenderam Korban Darurat, 1948–1958” [Jenderam, A Sacrifice of the Emergency, 1948–1958], GE, 1977; Arifin bin Mohamad, “Hubungan Kaum di Kampung Jenjarum, Kuala Langat, Selangor, 1948–1957” [Race Relations in Kampung Jenjarum, Kuala Langat, Selangor, 1948–1957], RP, 1975.