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‘Ah-Ah’: Britain and the Bandung Conference of 1955

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2011

Nicholas Tarling
Nicholas Tarling
Affiliation:
The University of Auckland
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Extract

To historians of Southeast Asia, the Bandung conference of 1955 presents itself as one of the most striking international initiatives undertaken by newly-independent Indonesia. For historians of Indonesia, it marks the emphasis on foreign as against domestic policy that was associated with Sukarno's growing dominance. To biographers of Sukarno it appears to be both a strategic device in domestic politics and a farsighted perception of a shift in international relations. Internationally it was both to demonstrate the influence of India and to show its limits. Even more it was to mark some kind of success for the People's Republic of China and for Chou En-lai in developing the foreign policy line associated already with Geneva and the five principles of co-existence.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , March 1992 , pp. 74 - 111
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1992

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References

1 Foreign Office to Graves, 8 March 1954, 29, F.O. 371/111929 [D2231/7], Public Record Office, London.

2 Morland to Foreign Office, 20 January 1954, and minutes, ibid. [D2231/3].

3 As note 1; also minute, 18 February, in D2231/7.

4 Fowler to Costar, 24 March 1954, F.O. 371/111929 [D2231/11].

5 Chancery Jakarta to South East Asia Department, 18 March 1954, ibid. [D2231/11].

6 Gage to Tahourdin, 23 March 1954, and minute, ibid. [D2231/13].

7 Communiqué, 2 May 1954, in UKHC Ceylon telegram 150, 2 May, ibid. [D2231/30].

8 UKHC Pakistan telegram 590, 3 May 1954, ibid. [D2231/31].

9 Minute, 7 May 1954, in ibid. [D2231/29].

10 Telegram 445, 6 May 1954, CO. 936/347, Public Record Office.

11 Chancery to SEAD, 14 May 1954, F.O. 371/111930 [D2231/38].

12 Syers to Secretary of State, 2 June 1954, 35, CO. 936/347.

13 UKHC India telegram 940, 18 September 1954, F.O. 371/111930 [D2231/44]. Cf Sastroamidjojo, Ali, Milestones on My Journey, ed. Penders, C.L.M. (St. Lucia, 1979), pp. 281–83Google Scholar.

14 Telegram 983, 29 September 1954, ibid. [D2231/48]; 142 Saving, 7 October, CO. 936/347. Clutterbuck to Swinton, 3 November, 101, F.O. 371/111930 [D2231/54].

15 Telegram Z82, 7 October 1954, ibid. [D2231/45].

16 Telegram 211, 19 October 1954, and minutes ibid. [D2231/47].

17 Telegram 260, 13 August 1954, and minute, ibid. [D2231/40].

18 Telegram 12 Saving, 21 October 1954, ibid. [D2231/50].

19 Note on copy of Telegram 983, ibid. [D2231/61].

20 Minute, 15 October 1954, ibid.

21 Minutes, ibid. [D2231/61A].

22 Minutes, 15, 16 November 1954, ibid. [D2231/62].

23 Telegrams 647, 12 November 1954; 681, 28 November; minute, 15 November, ibid. [D2231/56].

24 Memorandum by Crombie, 18 November 1954, CO. 936/347.

25 Crombie to Paterson, 23 November 1954; note by Paterson, 25 November, F.O. 371/111930 [D2231/66].

26 Minute by Allen, 25 November 1954, ibid. [D2231/68].

27 Telegram to HCs W215, 26 November 1954, ibid. [D2231/69].

28 Telegram W23O, 13 December 1954, CO. 936/347.

29 Murray to Crombie, 6 December 1954, ibid.

30 Gore-Booth to Eden, 22 December 1954, 302, F.O. 371/111930 [D2231/78].

31 Conversation, 10 December 1954, ibid. [D2231/72].

32 Telegram 362, 30 December 1954, ibid. [D2231/81].

33 Telegram 363, 30 December 1954, ibid. [D2231/82].

34 Murray to Crombie, 5 January 1955, F.O. 371/116975 [D2231/31J.

35 C.O. communication, 3 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/3].

36 Minute by Rae, 31 December 1954, ibid. [D2231/16].

37 Memorandum by Allen, 30 December 1954, ibid. [D2231/17].

38 Minute by Paterson, 4 January 1985, ibid. [D2231/12].

39 Telegram 4, 3 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/6].

40 Enclosure in MacDonald to Lloyd, 18 January 1955, CO. 936/348.

41 Telegram 11, 4 January 1955, F.O. 371/116975 [D2231/11].

42 Minute, 5 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/6].

43 Conversation, 1 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/7].

44 Minute, 5 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/2].

45 Minute, 30 December 1954, ibid. [D2231/26].

46 Telegram 2383, 31 December 1954, ibid. [D2231/1].

47 Memorandum, 3 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/12].

48 Telegram 13, 4 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/14].

49 Minute, 5 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/12].

50 Telegram 5, 7 January 1955, ibid.

51 Minute by Allen, 6 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/24].

52 Telegram from MacGillivray 5, 4 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/45].

53 Minute by Mathieson, 5 January 1955, CO. 936/347.

54 Brief, 6 January 1955, ibid.

55 UKHC telegram, 3 January 1955, F.O. 371/116975 [D2231/18].

56 Telegram 33, 5 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/22].

57 UKHC telegram 4, 6 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/21].

58 Telegram, 5 January 1955, communicated by CRO, 6 January, ibid. [D2231/25].

59 Telegram 42, 8 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/27].

60 Telegram 129, 11 January 1955, ibid.

61 Telegram 61, 10 January 1955, and minute, ibid. [D2231/32].

62 Telegram 18, 8 January 1955, and minute, ibid. [D2231/28].

63 Minute by Cable, 12 January 1955, ibid.

64 Minute, 10 January 1955, CO. 936/347.

65 Lennox-Boyd to Eden, 11 January 1955, ibid.

66 Cf Minute by Mathieson, 5 January 1955, ibid.

67 Cf Telegram from Jebb 11 Saving, 10 January 1955, F.O. 371/116975 [D2231/34].

68 Minute by Tomlinson, 12 January 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/47].

69 CC (55) 3rd., 13 January 1955, CAB 128/82, Public Record Office, London.

70 Telegram 24, 19 January 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/65].

71 Telegram 30, 14 January 1955, F.O. 371/116975 [D2231/44].

72 Telegram 4, 21 January 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/67].

73 Minute by Bromley, 14 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/52].

74 Telegram to Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, Nigeria, 21 January 1955, CO. 936/348.

75 Telegram 32 Saving, 21 January 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/64].

76 Minute, 14 January 1955, F.O. 371/116975 [D2231/29].

77 Telegram 39, 19 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/28].

78 Conversation, 21 January 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/75].

79 Telegram 35, 26 January 1955, and minute, ibid. [D2231/68].

80 Middleton to Allen, 22 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/70].

81 Minute by West, 28 January 1955, CO. 936/348.

82 Mathieson to Cable, 28 January 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/80].

83 Minutes, 26, 27, 28 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/76d].

84 Telegram 243, 27 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/78].

85 Telegram 63, 2 February 1955, F.O. 371/116977 [D2231/89].

86 Whitteridge to Tahourdin, 8 January 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/5O].

87 Minute, 4 February 1955, F.O. 371/116977 [D2231/89].

88 Minute by Ramsden, 31 January 1955, ibid. [D2231/87].

89 Minute, 2 February 1955, ibid.

90 Telegram W32, 3 February 1955, ibid. [D2231/93].

91 Minutes, 3, 4 February 1955, ibid. [D2231/94].

92 Extract, Minutes, 3 February 1955, CO. 936/348.

93 Minutes, 9, 10, 11 February, F.O. 371/116977 [D2231/108].

94 Allen to Middleton, 12 February 1955, F.O. 371/116976 [D2231/7O].

95 Telegram 110, 10 February 1955, F.O. 371/116977 [D2231/97].

96 Telegram 212, 14 February 1955, ibid.

97 Telegram 225, 14 February 1955, ibid. [D2231/101].

98 Minute by Cable, 2 March 1955, F.O. 371/116978 [D2231/123].

99 Crombie to Tomlinson, 10 March 1955, ibid. [D2231/135].

100 Telegrams 409, 410, 411, 14 March 1955, ibid. [D2231/136].

101 West to Landymore, 4 March 1955, and enclosure, CO. 936/348.

102 Marnham to Landymore, 9 March 1955, ibid.; also F.O. 371/116978 [D2231/134].

103 Minute by Bourdillon, 9 March 1955, CO. 936/348.

104 Telegram from Arden-Clarke 3, 8 January 1955, and minute, 3 January, F.O. 371/116975 [D2231/33].

105 Telegram 218, 4 March 1955, and minutes, 5 March, F.O. 371/116978 [D2231/124].

106 Marnham to Landymore, 18 March 1955, ibid. [D2231/138].

107 West to Cable, 25 March 1955, and enclosure, F.O. 371/116979 [D2231/159].

108 Telegram 137, 26 March 1955, ibid. [D2231/157].

109 Telegram 151, 4 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/184].

110 Telegram 318, 29 March 1955, ibid. [D2231/162].

111 Stephenson to Eden, 18 February 1955, 13, F.O. 371/116977 [D2231/118].

112 Adie to Lewen, 16 March, 26 April 1955, F.O. 371/116978 [D2231/141].

113 Stephenson to Tomlinson, 4 April 1955, F.O. 371/116980 [D2231/208].

114 Telegram 194, 19 March 1955, F.O. 371/116978 [D2231/139].

115 Chancery Ankara to SEAD, 29 March 1955, F.O. 371/116979 [D2231/177].

116 Telegram 276, 7 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/193].

117 Telegram 288, 14 April 1955, F.O. 371/116980 [D2231/214].

118 Stephenson to Tomlinson, 4 April 1955, and minute, 15 April, ibid. [D2231/208].

119 Telegram 172, 16 April 1955, and minutes, ibid. [D2231/232].

120 Gore-Booth to Tomlinson, 19 April 1955, F.O. 371/116982 [D2231/290].

121 Proud to Tomlinson, 14 April 1955, F.O. 371/116981 [D2231/264].

122 Telegram 155, 9 April 1955, F.O. 371/116980 [D2231/209].

123 Telegram 163, 16 April 1955, F.O. 371/116981 [D2231/242].

124 Telegram 164, 16 April 1955, ibid.

125 Telegram 165, 16 April 1955, ibid.

126 Telegram 384, 19 April 1955, F.O. 371/116980 [D2231/243].

127 Telegram 335, 8 April 1955, draft and minute, F.O. 371/116979 [D2231/195].

128 Telegram 127, 11 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/198].

129 Telegram 340, 12 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/195].

130 Telegram 370, 17 April 1955, and reply, s.d., 670, F.O. 371/116980 [D2231/233].

131 Telegram 379, 18 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/237].

132 Telegram from Arden-Clarke 157, 28 March 1955, and note F.O. 371/116979 [D2231/165].

133 UKHC telegram, 23 March 1955, 265, F.O. 371/116978 [D2231/146].

134 Telegram 351, 14 April 1955, and note, F.O. 371/116980 [D2231/228].

135 Chancery Washington to SEAD, 12 April 1955, and note, ibid. [D2231/235].

136 Chancery to SEAD, 18 March 1955, F.O. 371/116978 [D2231/144]; 13 April [D2231/263].

137 Speech, copy in F.O. 371/116981 [D2231/249]. Sukarno's speech is printed in McT. Kahin, G., The Asian-African Conference (Ithaca, 1956), pp. 39–51Google Scholar.

138 Morland to Secretary of State, 21 April 1955, 37, F.O. 371/116982 [D2231/295].

139 Chancery to SEAD, 16 April 1955, F.O. 371/116981 [D2231/281].

140 Telegram 152, 21 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/269].

141 Telegram 161, 22 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/273A].

142 Telegram 166, 23 April 1955, ibid. [D2231/278].

143 Telegram 167, s.d., ibid.

144 New York Times, 27 April 1955. See also Kotelawala, John, An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), p. 187Google Scholar.

145 Copy in F.O. 371/116981 [D2231/249]. The five principles were included ”in diluted form”. Agung, Ide Anak Agung Gde, Twenty years Indonesian foreign policy 1945–1965 (The Hague, 1973), p. 239Google Scholar.

146 Morland to Foreign Secretary, 28 April 1955, 40, F.O. 371/116983 [D2231/319].

147 “Some Impressions of the Bandung Conference”, in ibid.

148 As note 146.

149 Chancery to SEAD, 5 May 1955, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/358].

150 Telegram 170, 24 April 1955, F.O. 371/116981 [D2231/280].

151 Parkes to Dudley, 5 May 1955, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/347].

152 As note 146.

153 Minute, 26 April 1955, F.O. 371/116982 [D2231/298].

154 Nehru to Eden, 29 April, with PM's Personal Minute, M(E) 8/55, 2 May, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/330].

155 Telegram 181, 27 April 1955, F.O. 371/116983 [D2231/301].

156 Telegram 192, 2 May 1955, ibid. [D2231/323].

157 Telegram 201, 14 May 1955, and note, F.O. 371/116985 [D2231/353].

158 Telegrara 727, 2 May 1955, F.O. 371/116983 [D2231/315].

159 Chancery Rangoon to SEAD, 4 May 1955, ibid. [D2231/326].

160 Telegram 11 Saving, 23 May 1955, F.O. 371/116985 [D2231/362].

161 Stewart to Macmillan, 28 April 1955, 23, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/327].

162 Stevens to Shuckburgh, 3 May 1955, ibid. [D2231/336].

163 Beaumont to Ramsbothara, 11 June 1955, F.O. 371/116986 [D2231/371].

164 Ramsbothan to SEAD, 14 May 1955, F.O. 371/116986 [D2231/371].

165 Gage to Macmillan, 25 May 1955, 36, ibid. [D2231/363].

166 Gage to Tomlinson, 5 May 1955, F.O. 371/117342 [DS10310/2].

167 Chancery to SEAD, 5 May 1955, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/339].

168 Telegram 989, 27 April 1955, and note, 20 May, F.O. 371/116983 [D2231/302].

169 Laking to Secretary of External Affairs, Wellington, 28 April 1955, 12/6/21, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/343].

170 Telegram to Wellington 182, 27 April 1955, F.O. 371/116983 [D2231/321].

171 Telegram 256 Saving, 11 May 1955, F.O. 371/116985 [D2231/35O].

172 Brief, 29 April 1955, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/329].

173 Dixon to Macmillan, 4 May 1955, 12, CO. 936/350.

174 Memorandum, 5 May 1955, and minute, 6 May, F.O. 371/116986 [D2231/368].

175 Note by Chancery, 7 May 1955, F.O. 371/116984 [D2231/345].

176 Impressions of the Bandung Conference, F.O. 371/116985 [D2231/365].

177 Draft, Assessment of the Effect of the Bandung Conference upon Anti-Colonialism in the United Nations, June 1955, CO. 936/350.

178 Minute, 20 April 1955, on BBC Monitor, 18 April, F.O. 371/116981 [D2231/251].