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Some Aspects of Indian Settlement in Singapore, 1819–1969*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Kernial Singh Sandhu
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Extract

The full story of the Indians in Malaya has yet to be told. Here an attempt is made to assemble the information relating to some aspects of their settlement in Singapore over the last one hundred and fifty years.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Southeast Asian History , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , May 1969 , pp. 193 - 201
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore 1969

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References

1. Unless otherwise stated, the terms “India” and “Indian subcontinent” include both the present-day Union of India (Bharat) and Pakistan; “Indian” denotes all persons of Indian origin, including Pakistanis.

2. For present purposes “Malaya” includes both the Federation or the present-day States of Malaya (West Malaysia) and the State or Republic of Singapore. Although separated) politically from each other, these two territories have nevertheless traditionally functioned together.

3. See, for example, Parmer, J. N., Colonial labour policy and administration (New York, 1960)Google Scholar; Wheatley, P.. The Golden Khersonese (Kuala Lumpur, 1961)Google Scholar, and Sandhu, K. S., Indians in Malaya (Cambridge, 1969).Google Scholar

4. SSFR, 185 (1805–30), 8,3 1819; Ministry of Culture, Singapore. Singapore Guide and Street Directory (Singapore, 1966), p. 213.

5. SSFR. 100 (1825), 13 3.1825; Buckley, C. B, An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore, 2 vols. (Singapore, 1902), I, p. 108Google Scholar; McNair, J. F. A., Prisoners their own warders (Westminster, 1899), pp. 38–41Google Scholar; Sandhu, K. S., “Tamil and other Indian convicts in the Straits Settlements AD. 1790–1873” in Proceedings of the First International Conference of Tamil Studies Kuala Lumpur — 1966 (Kuala Lumpur, 1968), pp. 199–208.Google Scholar

6. Jawi Pekans are offsprings of Malay mothers and Indian, especially Tamil and Bengali, fathers.

7. JIA, V (1851), pp. 1–9Google Scholar; VI (1852), pp 18, 83, 143, 218, 521, 618; McNair, 1899, pp 19ff.; Sandhu, 1968, p, 207.

8. PP, XL (1862)Google Scholar, paper no. 12, p. 5; Singapore Free Press (Singapore), 10.9.1857.

9. C.O. 273, 27 (1869), 1.3.1869; 66 (1873), 9.5.1873; PP, XL (1862), paper no. 12, p. 51.Google Scholar

10. United Nations, “Evaluation of the population data of Malaya”, Economic bulletin for Asia and the Far East (New York), XIII, ii (1962), pp. 23–9.Google Scholar

11. Chua, 1964, table 33; Nathan, J. E., The census of British Malaya, 1921 (London, 1922), table XV.Google Scholar

12. JIA, V (1851), pp. 108–9Google Scholar; VIII (1854), pp. 100–11.

13. C.O. 273, 376 (1911), Colonial Office, minute no. 24942; 378 (1911), 25.10.1911, Colonial Office, minute no. 33284; Cameron, J.. Our tropical possessions in Malayan India (London, 1865)Google Scholar. (Reprinted, Kuala Lumpur, 1965). pp. 281–2; MP, Jones to Maxwell, 20.1.1943; Aiyer, K. A. Neelakandha, Indian problems in Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, 1938), pp. 92–4.Google Scholar

14. del Tufo. 1949, 1949, table 88.

15. The Malay Mail (Kuala Lumpur), 27.2.1963.

16. Colony of Singapore annual report 1957 (Singapore, 1959), p. 36Google Scholar; State of Singapore annual report 1959 (Singapore, 1961), pp. 60–1.Google Scholar

17. PP, XL (1862), paper no. 12, pp. 32–3.Google Scholar