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⁴⁹ Probably the most explicit example of the difference between the external benefit and income maintenance subsidies can be found in the school meals service. All consumers receive a partial subsidy probably designed to reflect the positive flow of consumption externalities, whereas a subgroup of consumers from low-income families receive an additional subsidy in pursuit of income maintenance objectives in the form of free meals. For a sophisticated economic analysis of this service area, see Bleddyn Davies, in association with Reddin, Michael, Universality, Selectivity and Effectiveness in Social Policy, Heinemann, London, 1978.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ For example, in his discussion of the Canadian experience. Bird writes, ‘Once a set of ideas – for example, that most public services should be provided free and that most public prices are regressive – is embodied in the public psyche, it is, as a rule, singularly difficult to dislodge it’ – Bird, Richard M., Charging for Public Services: A New Look at an Old Idea, Canadian Tax Foundation, Toronto, 1976, p. 239.Google Scholar

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