Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T08:50:04.133Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Imagine that: Examining the Influence of Exercise Imagery on Cigarette Cravings and Withdrawal Symptoms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2014

L.M. Cooke
Affiliation:
Western University
L. Fitzgeorge
Affiliation:
Fanshawe College
C.R. Hall*
Affiliation:
Western University
H. Prapavessis
Affiliation:
Western University
*
Address for correspondence: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Craig Hall, School of Kinesiology, Thames Hall/3M Centre, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7. E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

Evidence highlights that an acute bout of exercise can contribute to reductions in cravings and withdrawal symptoms. However, it is unknown how low in intensity or movement one can go before these effects no longer exist. The current study examined if exercise imagery could contribute to reductions in smoking cravings and withdrawal symptoms after a short period of abstinence (CO≤6ppm). Regular smokers (N = 29) were randomized into one of three treatment groups: exercise imagery, moderate intensity exercise, or control. Each completed questionnaires including: the Strength of Desire to Smoke item (primary outcome) and the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (Secondary outcomes) pre- and post-treatment. A 3 (Condition) by 2 (Time) repeated measures ANOVA showed a medium non-significant interaction effect (partial η2 = .06) favouring the exercise group for reductions in desire to smoke. A large significant interaction effect (partial η2 = .24) was found for tension. Medium-to-large non-significant interaction effects favouring the exercise group were found for various withdrawal symptoms. These data, taken together, suggest that exercise imagery is not as powerful as moderate intensity exercise in reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms following temporary abstinence. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Australian Academic Press Pty Ltd 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, S.S., Bade, T., Hatsukami, D., & Center, B. (2008). Craving, withdrawal, and smoking urges on days immediately prior to smoking relapse. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10 (1), 3545.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701705076 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (Bushman, B., Ed). (2011). Complete guide to fitness & health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Freund, H. J.(2001). Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13 (2), 400404. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01385.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) (2003). Canadian physical activity, fitness and lifestyle approach protocol (CPAFLA) manual (3rd edition). Ottawa, Canada.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Daniel, J.Z., Cropley, M., & Fife-Schaw, C. (2007). Acute exercise effects on smoking withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke are not related to expectation. Psychopharmacology, 195 (1), 125129.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0889-6 Google Scholar
Decety, J., Jeannerod, M., Germain, M., & Pastene, J. (1991). Vegetative response during imagined movement is proportional to mental effort. Behavioural Brain Research, 42, 15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80033-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehrsson, H. H., Geyer, S., & Naito, E. (2003). Imagery of voluntary movement of fingers, toes, and tongue activates corresponding body-part-specific motor representations. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90 (5), 33043316. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01113.2002 Google Scholar
Elibero, A., Janse Van Rensburg, K., & Drobes, D.J. (2011). Acute effects of aerobic exercise and Hatha yoga on craving to smoke. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11, 11401148. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr163 Google Scholar
Everson, E. S., Daley, A. J., & Ussher, M. (2006) Does exercise have an acute effect on desire to smoke, mood and withdrawal symptoms in abstaining adolescent smokers? Addictive Behaviors, 31, 15471558. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.11.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everson, E. S., Daley, A. J., & Ussher, M. (2008). The effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and mood in abstaining young adult smokers. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 1, 2631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, G.E., Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K.P., & Hsin, A. (2010). Cutting down one puff at a time: The acute effects of exercise on smoking behavior. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 5, 130135. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.5.2.130 Google Scholar
Fusi, S., Cutuli, D., Valente, M. R., Bergonzi, P., Porro, C. A., & Di Prampero, P. E. (2005). Cardioventilatory responses during real or imagined walking at low speed. Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 143, 223228.Google ScholarPubMed
Gallese, V., & Goldman, A. (1998). Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2 (12), 493501.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01262-5 Google Scholar
Godin, G. (2011). The Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire.The Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4, 1822.Google Scholar
Godin, G., Jobin, J., & Bouillon, J. (1986). Assessment of leisure time exercise behaviour by self-report: A concurrent validity study. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 77, 359361.Google ScholarPubMed
Godin, G., & Shepherd, R.J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behaviour in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10, 141146.Google Scholar
Guillot, A., Collet, C., Nguyen, V. A., Malouin, F., Richards, C., & Doyon, J. (2008). Functional neuroanatomical networks associated with expertise in motor imagery. Neuroimage, 41 (4), 14711483. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.042 Google Scholar
Hall, C. R. (2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In Singer, R.N., Hausenblas, H.A., & Janelle, C.M. (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 529549). NY: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Harper, T., Fitzgeorge, L., Tritter, A., & Prapavessis, H. (2012). Acute exercise effects on craving and withdrawal symptoms among women attempting to quit smoking using nicotine replacement therapy. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 1 (1), 18. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2012.15 Google Scholar
Haasova, M., Warren, R. C., Ussher, M., Van Rensburg, J., Faulkner, G., Cropley, M., Byron-Daniel, J., Everson-Hock, E. S., Oh, H., & Taylor, A. H. (2014). The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings: exploration of potential moderators, mediators and physical activity attributes using individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses. Psychopharmocology, 231 (7), 1267–75. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3450-4 Google Scholar
Haasova, M., Warren, R. C., Ussher, M., Van Rensburg, J., Faulkner, G., Cropley, M., Byron-Daniel, J., Everson-Hock, E. S., Oh, H., & Taylor, A.H. (2012). The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings: systematic review and meta-analysis with individual participant data. Addiction, 108, 2637.Google Scholar
Hale, B.D., Seiser, L., McGuire, E. J., & Weinrich, E. (2005). Mental Imagery. In J. Taylor & G. Wilson (Eds.), Applying Sport Psychology: Four Perspectives (pp. 117–135).Google Scholar
Hatsukami, D., Hughes, J., Pickens, R., & Svikis, D. (1984). Tobacco withdrawal symptoms: An experimental analysis. Psychopharmacology, 84, 231236. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427451 Google Scholar
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., & Fagerström, K.O. (1991). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addictions, 86, 1191127. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x Google Scholar
Hughes, J., Gulliver, S., Fenwick, J., Valliere, W., Cruser, K., Pepper, S., et al. (1992). Smoking cessation among self-quitters. Health Psychology, 11, 331334. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.11.5.331 Google Scholar
Janse Van Rensburg, K., & Taylor, A. (2008). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive functioning and cigarette cravings during temporary abstinence from smoking. Human Psychopharmacology, 23, 193199. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.925 Google Scholar
Janse Van Rensburg, K., Taylor, A., & Hodgson, T. (2009). The effects of acute exercise on attentional bias towards smoking-related stimuli during temporary abstinence from smoking. Addiction, 104, 19101917. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02692.x Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1994). The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 187202. doi:10.1017/S0140525´00034026.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. L. & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2002). Contributions of imagery ability to stress and relaxation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 273281.Google Scholar
Linke, S. E., Rutledge, T., & Myers, M. G. (2012). Intermittent exercise in response to cigarette cravings in the context of an Internet-based smoking cessation program. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5, 8592. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.001.Google Scholar
Ockene, I.S., & Houston, N. (1997). Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 96, 32433247. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.96.9.3243 Google Scholar
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representation: A dual coding approach. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, V., Maddison, R., Simpson, C., Bullen, C., & Prapavessis, H. (2012). The acute effects of exercise on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms, affect, and smoking behaviour: systematic review update and meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology, 222 (1), 115. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2731-z Google Scholar
Shiffman, S., Ferguson, S. G., & Gwaltney, C. J. (2006). Immediate hedonic response to smoking lapses: Relationship to smoking relapse, and effects of nicotine replacement therapy. Psychopharmacology, 184, 608614. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0175-4 Google Scholar
Shiffman, S., & Jarvik, M. (1976). Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 50, 3539. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634151 Google Scholar
Taylor, A., & Katomeri, M. (2007). Walking reduces cue-elicited cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms, and delays ad libitum smoking. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9, 11831190. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701648896 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A.H., Katomeri, M., & Ussher, M. (2005). Acute effects of self-paced walking on urges to smoke during temporary smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology, 181 (1), 17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-2216-4 Google Scholar
Taylor, S.E., Pham, L.B., Rivkin, I.D., & Armor, D.A. (1998). Harnessing the imagination: Mental simulation, self-regulation and coping. Amercian Psycholgist, 53, 429439.Google Scholar
Thomas, S., Reading, J., & Shephard, R.J. (1992). Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 17 (4), 338345.Google Scholar
Ussher, M., Cropley, M., Playle, S., Mohidin, R., & West, R. (2009). Effect of isometric exercise and body scanning on cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Addiction, 104, 12511257. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02605.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ussher, M., Nunziata, P., Cropley, M., & West, R. (2001). Effect of a short bout of exercise on tobacco withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke. Psychopharmacology, 158 (1), 6672. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130100846 Google Scholar
Ussher, M., Taylor, A., & Faulkner, G. (2008). Exercise interventions for smoking cessation (review). The Cochrane Collaboration, 4, 137.Google Scholar
Ussher, M., West, R., Doshi, R. & Sampuran, A. K. (2006). Acute effect of isometric exercise on desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Human Psychopharmacology, 21, 3946.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., & Morgan, W.P. (1992). The effect of imagery perspectives on the psychophysiological responses to imagined exercise. Behavioural Brain Research, 52 (2), 167174. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80227-X Google Scholar
West, R., & Hajek, P. (2004). Evaluation of the mood and physical symptoms scales (MPSS) to assess cigarette withdrawal. Psychopharmacology, 177, 195199. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-1923-6 Google Scholar
West, R., Hajek, P., & Belcher, M. (1989). Severity of withdrawal symptoms as a predictor of outcome of an attempt to quit smoking. Psychology and Medicine, 19, 981985. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700005705 Google Scholar
West, R., & Shiffman, S. (2001). Effect of oral nicotine dosing forms on cigarette withdrawal symptoms and craving: a systematic review. Psychopharmacology, 155, 115122. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130100712 Google Scholar
Williams, S. E., Cumming, J., & Edwards, M. G. (2011). The functional equivalence between movement imagery, observation, and execution influences imagery ability. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82 (3), 555564. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2011.10599788 Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2002). Handbook for good clinical research practice (GCP): Guidance for implementation. World Health Organization Library Cataloguing. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/924159392X_eng_pdf.Google Scholar
Wuyam, B., Moosavi, S. H., Decety, J., Adams, L., Lansing, R. W., & Guz, A. (1995). Imagination of dynamic exercise produced ventilatory responses which were more apparent in competitive sportsmen. The Journal of Physiology, 482, 713724.Google Scholar