Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T07:06:37.192Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Household Smoking Restrictions Relate to Time to First Cigarette Smoked in the Morning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2015

Marc L. Steinberg ,
Naomi F. Stahl  and
Jill M. Williams
Marc L. Steinberg*
Affiliation:
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Naomi F. Stahl
Affiliation:
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Jill M. Williams
Affiliation:
Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
*
Address for correspondence: Marc L. Steinberg, Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 317 George Street, Suite 105, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction: The time a smoker waits until the first cigarette of the morning is often used as a measure of dependence with the rationale that more dependent smokers will smoke sooner upon waking than will less dependent smokers after going several hours without a cigarette overnight.

Aims: We sought to examine the relationship between time-to-first-cigarette (TTFC) and household smoking restrictions in two independent samples.

Methods: Two samples of smokers, one treatment-seeking community sample (N = 433) and one non-treatment seeking sample of smokers with serious mental illness (i.e., Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, or Bipolar I Disorder) (N = 94), provided information on cigarette dependence with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and on household smoking restrictions.

Results: Half (50%) of smokers with serious mental illness and 36.7% of smokers from the general population reported that there were no limitations to smoking in their home. Household smoking restrictions were significantly and positively related to TTFC in both samples.

Conclusions: These data indicate that greater attention to TTFC may be warranted. The TTFC item is intended to measure dependence based on the premise that greater dependence should be associated with shorter TTFC. If TTFC is related to a household smoking ban, however, this item may not be assessing dependence as intended in some cases.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Smoking Cessation , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 2017 , pp. 1 - 5
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albers, A. B., Biener, L., Siegel, M., Cheng, D. M., & Rigotti, N. (2008). Household smoking bans and adolescent antismoking attitudes and smoking initiation: Findings from a longitudinal study of a Massachusetts youth cohort. American Journal of Public Health, 98 (10), 1186–1893. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.129320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albers, A. B., Biener, L., Siegel, M., Cheng, D. M., & Rigotti, N. A. (2009). Impact of parental home smoking policies on policy choices of independently living young adults. Tobacco Control: An International Journal, 18 (3), 245–248. doi: 10.1136/tc.2008.025478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Bolt, D. M., Smith, S. S., Kim, S.-Y. et al. (2007). Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: Implications for nicotine dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9 (Suppl. 4), S555–S570. doi:10.1080/14622200701673480.Google ScholarPubMed
Branstetter, S. A., & Muscat, J. E. (2013). Time to first cigarette and serum cotinine levels in adolescent smokers: National health and nutrition examination survey, 2007–2010. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15 (3), 701–707. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etter, J. F., Le Houezec, J., & Perneger, T. V. (2003). A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: The cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28 (2), 359–370. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagerström, K.O. (2003). Time to first cigarette; the best single indicator of tobacco dependence? Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 59 (1), 91–94. Retrieved from http://archest.fsm.it/pne/pdf/59/1/pne59-1_18fagestrom.pdf.Google ScholarPubMed
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B.W. (2001). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, patient edition. (SCID-I/Π) New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, February, 2001.Google Scholar
Fu, M., Fernández, E., Pascual, J.A., Martínez-Sánchez, J.M., Agudo, A., Moncada, A. et al. (2011a). Stages of change, smoking characteristics, and cotinine concentrations in smokers: Setting priorities for smoking cessation. Preventive Medicine, 52 (2), 139–145. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.12.003.Google Scholar
Fu, M., Martínez-Sánchez, J. M., Agudo, A., Pascual, J. A., Borràs, J. M., Samet, J. M. et al. (2011b). Association between time to first cigarette after waking up and salivary cotinine concentration. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 13 (3), 168–172. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq232.Google Scholar
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86 (9), 1119–1127. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x.Google Scholar
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Robinson, J. (1989). Measuring the heaviness of smoking: Using self-reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day. British Journal of Addiction, 84 (7), 791–799. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x.Google Scholar
Mills, A. L., White, M. M., Pierce, J. P., & Messer, K. (2011). Home smoking bans among U.S. households with children and smokers. Opportunities for intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41 (6), 559–565. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.08.016.Google Scholar
Muscat, J. E., Ahn, K., Richie, J. P. Jr., & Stellman, S. D. (2011a). Nicotine dependence phenotype and lung cancer risk. Cancer, 117 (23), 5370–5376. doi:10.1002/cncr.26236.Google Scholar
Muscat, J. E., Ahn, K., Richie, J. P. Jr., & Stellman, S. D. (2011b). Nicotine dependence phenotype, time to first cigarette, and risk of head and neck cancer. Cancer, 117 (23), 5377–5382. doi:10.1002/cncr.26235.Google Scholar
Muscat, J. E., Chen, G., Knipe, A., Stellman, S. D., Lazarus, P., & Richie, J. P. Jr. (2009a). Effects of menthol on tobacco smoke exposure, nicotine dependence, and NNAL glucuronidation. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 18 (1), 35–41. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0744.Google Scholar
Muscat, J. E., Liu, H. P., Livelsberger, C., Richie, J. P. Jr., & Stellman, S. D. (2012). The nicotine dependence phenotype, time to first cigarette, and larynx cancer risk. Cancer Causes & Control, 23 (3), 497–503. doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9909-x.Google Scholar
Muscat, J. E., Stellman, S. D., Caraballo, R. S., & Richie, J. P. Jr. (2009b). Time to first cigarette after waking predicts cotinine levels. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 18 (12), 3415–3420. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0737.Google Scholar
Nicorette gum (2014a). Moon Township, PA: GlaxoSmithKline.Google Scholar
Nicorette lozenge (2014b). Moon Township, PA: GlaxoSmithKline.Google Scholar
Park, S. M., Son, K. Y., Lee, Y. J., Lee, H. S., Kang, J. H., Lee, Y. J. et al. (2004). A preliminary investigation of early smoking initiation and nicotine dependence in Korean adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74 (2), 197–203. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.01.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizacani, B. A., Martin, D. P., Stark, M. J., Koepsell, T. D., Thompson, B., & Diehr, P. (2004). A prospective study of household smoking bans and subsequent cessation related behaviour: The role of stage of change. Tobacco Control, 13 (1), 23–28. doi:10.1136/tc.2003.003038.Google Scholar
Pizacani, B. A., Martin, D. P., Stark, M. J., Koepsell, T. D., Thompson, B., & Diehr, P. (2008). Longitudinal study of household smoking ban adoption among households with at least one smoker: Associated factors, barriers, and smoker support. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10 (3), 533–540. doi:10.1080/14622200801902003 Google Scholar
Rohsenow, D. J., Martin, R. A., Tidey, J. W., Monti, P. M., & Colby, S. M. (2013). Comparison of the cigarette dependence scale with four other measures of nicotine involvement: Correlations with smoking history and smoking treatment outcome in smokers with substance use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 38 (8), 2409–2413. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.019.Google Scholar
Shiffman, S., Sembower, M. A., Rohay, J. M., Gitchell, J. G., & Garvey, A. J. (2013). Assigning dose of nicotine gum by time to first cigarette. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15 (2), 407–412.Google Scholar
Shopland, D. R., Anderson, C. M., & Burns, D. M. (2006). Association between home smoking restrictions and changes in smoking behaviour among employed women. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60 (Suppl. II), 44–50. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.045724.Google Scholar
Steinberg, M. L., Williams, J. M., Steinberg, H. R., Krejci, J. A., & Ziedonis, D. M. (2005). Applicability of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence in smokers with schizophrenia. Addictive Behaviors, 30 (1), 49–59. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.04.012.Google Scholar
Sweitzer, M. M., Denlinger, R. L., & Donny, E. C. (2013). Dependence and withdrawal-induced craving predict abstinence in an incentive-based model of smoking relapse. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15 (1), 36–43. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts080.Google Scholar
Thomson, C. C., Siegel, M., Winickoff, J., Biener, L., & Rigotti, N. A. (2005). Household smoking bans and adolescents’ perceived prevalence of smoking and social acceptability of smoking. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 41 (2), 349–356. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.12.003.Google Scholar
Toll, B. A., Schepis, T. S., O'Malley, S. S., McKee, S. A., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2007). Subjective reactivity to the first cigarette of the day as a predictor of smoking relapse: A preliminary study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89 (2–3), 302–305. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.01.011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberger, A. H., Reutenauer, E. L., Allen, T. M., Termine, A., Vessicchio, J. C., Sacco, K. A. et al. (2007). Reliability of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence, Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale, and tiffany questionnaire for smoking urges in smokers with and without schizophrenia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86 (2–3), 278–282. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.005.Google Scholar
West, R., McEwen, A., Bolling, K., & Owen, L. (2001). Smoking cessation and smoking patterns in the general population: A 1-year follow-up. Addiction, 96 (6), 891–902. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96689110.x.Google Scholar