Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T19:37:13.514Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Tarpeia the Vestal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 September 2019

Jaclyn Neel
Jaclyn Neel*
Affiliation:
Temple University
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Tarpeia's role as a Vestal has become a matter of scholarly consensus in the past two decades. This article questions that consensus by suggesting that Varro and Propertius are the two major proponents of this ‘Vestal version’, which is not present in other major narratives such as Livy, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Plutarch. Propertius’ version in particular, which depicts Tarpeia as a Vestal in love, has been overprivileged in analyses of this myth as a dramatisation of individual identity versus loyalty to the state. Varro's account, which also includes Tarpeia's Vestal status, suggests a different interpretation: it is likely that Varro considered Tarpeia a non-Roman Vestal whose Vestal status supported the state. This version resolves certain dissonances in early Roman myth.

Keywords

TarpeiaVarroPropertiusVestalsAlba LongaRoman myth
Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 109 , November 2019 , pp. 103 - 130
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2019. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to thank Isabel Köster, Melanie Racette-Campbell and Karen Hersch for reading drafts of this paper at various stages of completion. Earlier versions of this paper were delivered at the University of Michigan and the University of Pennsylvania; both audiences offered generous comments, for which I am grateful. I am also grateful to the anonymous JRS readers, whose suggestions have improved this paper immensely; any remaining faults are my own.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BNJ = I. Worthington (ed.), Brill's New Jacoby, Leiden, 2007–.Google Scholar
FGHist = F. Jacoby (ed.), Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Berlin, 1923–.Google Scholar
FRHist = T. J. Cornell, E. Bispham, J. Briscoe, A. Drummond, B. Levick, S. Northwood, S. P. Oakley, M. P. Pobjoy, J. W. Rich and C. Smith (eds), The Fragments of the Roman Historians (3 vols), Oxford, 2013.Google Scholar
RIC I 2 = C. H. V. Sutherland, R. A. G. Carson and H. Mattingly, The Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. 1: From 31 B.C. to A.D. 69 (rev. edn), London, 1984.Google Scholar
RRC = M. H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge, 1974.Google Scholar
Ampolo, C. 1984: ‘Un supplizio arcaico. L'uccisione di Turnus Herdonius’, in Du châtiment dans la cité. Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans le monde antique. Table ronde de Rome (9–11 novembre 1982), Rome, 91–6.Google Scholar
Baudou, A. 1995: ‘Tarpéia. Traîtresse indo-européenne, héroïne pisonienne’, Cahiers des Études Anciennes 29, 81–9.Google Scholar
Beard, M. 1980: ‘The sexual status of Vestal virgins’, Journal of Roman Studies 70, 12–27.Google Scholar
Beard, M. 1993: ‘Looking (harder) for Roman myth: Dumézil, declamation, and the problems of definition’, in Graf, F. (ed.), Mythos in Mythenloser Gesellschaft. Das Paradigma Roms, Stuttgart, 44–64.Google Scholar
Beard, M. 1995: ‘Re-reading (Vestal) virginity’, in Hawley, R. and Levick, B. (eds), Women in Antiquity: New Assessments, London and New York, 166–77.Google Scholar
Boyd, B. W. 1984: ‘Tarpeia's tomb: a note on Propertius 4.4’, American Journal of Philology 105, 85–6.Google Scholar
Briquel, D. 1981: ‘Jupiter, Saturne, et le Capitole. Essai de comparaison indo-européenne’, Revue de l'histoire des religions 198, 131–62.Google Scholar
Butterfield, D. J. (ed.) 2015a: Varro Varius: The Polymath of the Roman World, Cambridge Classical Journal Supplements 39, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Butterfield, D. J. 2015b: ‘Introduction’, in Butterfield 2015a, 1–15.Google Scholar
Cadoux, T. J. 2008: ‘The Roman carcer and its adjuncts’, Greece & Rome 55, 202–21.Google Scholar
Cairns, F. 2011: ‘Tarpeia pudicitia in Propertius 1.16.2 and the early Roman historians’, Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 154, 176–84.Google Scholar
Calderini, A. 1995/97: ‘I Sabini e Tarpeia’, Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Perugia. Studi classici (n.s.) 18, 125–54.Google Scholar
Cavazza, F. 1981: ‘Due note sulla terminologia tecnica etimologico-grammaticale di Varrone’, Giornale Italiano di Filologia 33, 209–19.Google Scholar
Cavazza, F. 1984: ‘L'etimologia classica. “Lautveränderungen” e “grammatica nova”’, Maia 36, 21–35.Google Scholar
Collart, J. 1952: ‘Le sabinisme de Varron’, Revue des Études Latines 30, 69–70.Google Scholar
Cornell, T. J. 1981: ‘Some observations on the crimen incesti’, in Le delit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde (Rome, 6–7 avril 1978), Rome, 27–37.Google Scholar
Cristofani, M. (ed.) 1990: La grande Roma dei Tarquini, Rome.Google Scholar
Dench, E. 1995: From Barbarians to New Men: Greek, Roman, and Modern Perceptions of Peoples of the Central Apennines, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dench, E. 2005: Romulus’ Asylum: Roman Identities from the Age of Alexander to the Age of Hadrian, Oxford.Google Scholar
Deschamps, L. 1983: ‘Sabini dicti … ἀπὸ τοῦ σέβεσθαι’, Vichiana 12, 157–87.Google Scholar
Deschamps, L. 1985–86: ‘Le paysage sabin dans l'oeuvre de Varron’, Humanitas 37–8, 123–37.Google Scholar
Deschamps, L. 1987: ‘Properce et Varron de Reate’, in Freyburger, G. (ed.), De Virgile à Jacob Balde. Hommage à Mme Andrée Thill, Paris, 85–9.Google Scholar
Deschamps, L. 1990: ‘Varron et le sacré’, Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé 3, 289–96.Google Scholar
De Souza, M. (ed.) 2017: Les collines dans la représentation et organisation du pouvoir à Rome, Bordeaux.Google Scholar
Devoto, G. 1958: ‘La leggenda di Tarpea e gli Etruschi’, Studi Etruschi 26, 17–25.Google Scholar
DiLuzio, M. J. 2016: A Place at the Altar: Priestesses in Republican Rome, Princeton.Google Scholar
Di Pasquale, M.-L. 1992: ‘La notion de mot dans le De lingua Latina de Varron’, LALIES 10, 135–41.Google Scholar
Dubourdieu, A. 1989: Les origines et le développement du culte des Pénates à Rome, Rome.Google Scholar
Dumézil, G. 1947: Tarpeia. Essais de philologie comparative indo-européenne, Paris.Google Scholar
Eckstein, A. M. 1982: ‘Human sacrifice and fear of military disaster in republican Rome’, American Journal of Ancient History 7, 69–95.Google Scholar
Ercolani Cocchi, E. 2004: ‘Aeternitas e il crescente lunare in età repubblicana, ovvero la riabilitazione di Tarpeia’, in Caccamo Caltabiano, M., Castrizio, D. and Puglisi, M. (eds), La tradizione iconica come fonte storica. Il ruolo della numismatica negli studi di iconografia, Reggio di Calabria, 47–73.Google Scholar
Ertel, C. and Freyberger, K. S. 2007: ‘Nuove indagini sulla Basilica Aemilia nel Foro Romano’, Archeologica Classica 58, 109–42.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1992: The Art of Persuasion: Political Propaganda from Aeneas to Brutus, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Farney, G. D. 2007: Ethnic Identity and Aristocratic Competition in Republican Rome, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Farney, G. D. 2013: ‘The Trojan genealogy of the Iulii before Caesar the Dictator’, Ancient History Bulletin 27, 49–54.Google Scholar
Forsythe, G. 1994: The Historian L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi and the Roman Annalistic Tradition, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Fraschetti, A. 1984: ‘La sepoltura delle Vestali della Città’, in Du châtiment dans la cité. Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans le monde antique. Table ronde de Rome (9–11 novembre 1982), Rome, 97–129.Google Scholar
Fraschetti, A. 2005: The Foundation of Rome, trans. Hill, M. and Windle, K., Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Freyberger, K. S., Ertel, C., Lipps, J. and Bitterer, T. 2007: ‘Neue Forschungen zur Basilica Aemilia auf dem Forum Romanum. Ein Vorbericht’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 113, 493–552.Google Scholar
Freyberger, K. S. and Ertel, C. 2016: Die Basilica Aemilia auf dem Forum Romanum in Rom. Bauphasen, Rekonstruktion, Funktion und Bedeutung, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Furuhagen, H. 1961: ‘Some remarks on the sculptured frieze of the Basilica Aemilia in Rome’, Opuscula Romana 3, 139–55.Google Scholar
Gallia, A. B. 2014: ‘The Vestal habit’, Classical Philology 109, 222–40.Google Scholar
Gallia, A. B. 2015: ‘Vestal virgins and their families’, Classical Antiquity 34, 74–120.Google Scholar
Ganšiniec, Z. 1949: Tarpeia: The Making of a Myth, Wroclaw.Google Scholar
Goette, H. R. 2012: ‘Zur Darstellung von religiöser Tracht in Griechenland und Rom’, in Shrenk, S., Vössing, K., Tellenbach, M. and Wieczorek, A. (eds), Kleidung und Identität in religiösen Kontexten der römischen Kaiserzeit. Altertumswissenschaftliches Kolloquium in Verbindung mit der Arbeitsgruppe ‘Kleidung und Religion’, Projekt DressID, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, 30. und 31. Oktober 2009, Regensburg, 21–34.Google Scholar
Goetz, G. and Schöll, F. 1910: M. Terenti Varronis De Lingua Latina quae supersunt, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Grandazzi, A. 2008: Alba Longa. Histoire d'une légende. Recherches sur l'archéologie, la religion, les traditions de l'ancien Latium, Rome.Google Scholar
Grandazzi, A. 2010: ‘Lavinium, Alba Longa, Roma. À quoi sert un paysage religieux?’ Revue de l'histoire des religions 4, 573–90.Google Scholar
Granino Cecere, M. G. 1996: ‘Sacerdotes Cabenses e sacerdotes Albani. La documentazione epigrafica’, in Pasqualini, A. (ed.), Alba Longa. Mito, storia, archeologia. Atti dell'incontro di studio, Roma-Albano Laziale, 27–29 gennaio 1994, Rome, 275–316.Google Scholar
Granino Cecere, M. G. 2003: ‘Vestali non di Roma’, Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici 20, 67–80.Google Scholar
Green, S. J. 2004: ‘Contextualization and textual criticism: making sense of character in Propertius 4.4 and Ovid, Heroides 1’, Classical World 97, 363–72.Google Scholar
Grilli, A. 2002: ‘Ennio e Ilia’, Parola del Passato 57, 345–50.Google Scholar
Grimal, P. 1951: ‘Études sur Properce, II. César et la légende de Tarpéia’, Revue des Études Latines 29, 201–14.Google Scholar
Grimal, P. 1952: ‘Les intentions de Properce et la composition du livre IV des Élégies’, Latomus 11, 183–97, 315–26, 437–50.Google Scholar
Haselberger, L. and Humphrey, J. (eds) 2006: Imaging Ancient Rome. Documentation-Visualization-Imagination, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplements 61, Portsmouth, RI.Google Scholar
Haudry, J. 2002: Juno Moneta. Aux sources de la monnaie, Milan.Google Scholar
Heslin, P. J. 2018: Propertius, Greek Myth, and Virgil: Rivalry, Allegory, and Polemic, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hinds, S. 2006: ‘Venus, Varro and the vates: toward the limits of etymologizing interpretation’, Dictynna 3.Google Scholar
Janan, M. 1999: ‘Beyond good and evil: Tarpeia and philosophy in the feminine’, The Classical World 92, 429–43.Google Scholar
Jocelyn, H. D. 1989/90: ‘Ennius and the impregnation of Ilia’, Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Perugia. Studi classici 27, 19–46.Google Scholar
Joshel, S. R. 1992: ‘The body female and the body politic: Livy's Lucretia and Verginia’, in Richlin, A. (ed.), Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome, New York, 112–30.Google Scholar
Kent, R. G. 1938: Varro: On the Latin Language, Loeb Classical Library (2 vols), Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
King, R. 1990: ‘Creative landscaping: inspiration and artifice in Propertius 4.4’, The Classical Journal 85, 225–46.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, B. 2002: Frauengestalten im Geschichtswerk des T. Livius, Munich.Google Scholar
Kränzle, P. 1994: ‘Der Fries der Basilica Aemilia’, Antike Plastik 23, 93–130.Google Scholar
Kroppenberg, I. 2010: ‘Law, religion, and constitution of the Vestal virgins’, Law and Literature 22, 418–39.Google Scholar
Langlands, R. 2018: Exemplary Ethics in Ancient Rome, Cambridge.Google Scholar
La Penna, A. 1957: ‘Tarpea, Tito Tazio, Lucomedi. Ipotesi su antiche leggende romane’, Studi Classici e Orientali 6, 112–33.Google Scholar
Larmour, D. H. J. and Spencer, D. (eds) 2007: The Sites of Rome: Time, Space, Memory, Oxford.Google Scholar
Leach, E. W. 2007: ‘Claudia Quinta (Pro Caelio 34) and an altar to Magna Mater’, Dictynna 4.Google Scholar
Lewis, R. G. (ed.) 2006: Asconius: Commentaries on Speeches by Cicero, revised by Harries, J. et al. , Oxford.Google Scholar
Lindner, M. M. 2015: Portraits of the Vestal Virgins, Priestesses of Ancient Rome, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Lipps, J. 2011: Die Basilica Aemilia am Forum Romanum. Der Kaiserzeitliche Bau und seine Ornamentik, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Lovisi, C. 1998: ‘Vestale, incestus et juridiction pontificale sous la République romaine’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, Antiquité 110, 699–735.Google Scholar
MacDonald, C. 2016: ‘Rewriting Rome: topography, etymology and history in Varro De lingua Latina 5 and Propertius Elegies 4’, Ramus 45, 192–212.Google Scholar
Marcattili, F. 2014: ‘«… quod semper pateret ». La porta Pandana, la porta Carmentalis e l’Asylum’, Revue Archéologique 57, 71–88.Google Scholar
Martini, M. C. 1997: ‘Carattere e struttura del sacerdozio delle Vestali. Un approccio storico-religioso: seconda parte’, Latomus 56, 477–503.Google Scholar
Martini, M. C. 1998: Due studi sulla riscrittura annalistica dell'età monarchica a Roma, Collection Latomus 245, Brussels.Google Scholar
Martini, M. C. 2004: Le Vestali. Un sacerdozio funzionale al “cosmo” romano, Collection Latomus 282, Brussels.Google Scholar
Mastrocinque, A. 1994: ‘Il culto di Saturno nell'Italia settentrionale romana’, in Mastrocinque, A. (ed.), Culti pagani nell'Italia settentrionale. Atti del Convegno Trento 1992, Trento, 97–117.Google Scholar
Mazzei, P. 2005: ‘Iuno Moneta-Tarpea’, Rivista di cultura classica e medioevale 47, 23–79.Google Scholar
Mazzei, P. 2009: ‘“Iuno Moneta-Tarpea”. Un'ipotesti e una proposta’, Rivista di cultura classica e medioevale 51, 279–81.Google Scholar
Mekacher, N. 2006: Die vestalischen Jungfrauen in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Meulder, M. 2006: ‘Le crible de la vestale Tuccia’, Latomus 65, 327–46.Google Scholar
Miles, G. B. 1995: Livy: Reconstructing Early Rome, Ithaca, NY.Google Scholar
Miller, P. A. 2004: Subjecting Verses: Latin Love Elegy and the Emergence of the Real, Princeton.Google Scholar
Miller, P. A. 2011: ‘What is a Propertian poem?’ Arethusa 44, 329–52.Google Scholar
Morel, J.-P. 1962: ‘Thèmes sabins et thèmes numaïques dans le monnayage de la République romaine’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, Antiquité 74, 7–59.Google Scholar
Müller, M. 2014: ‘Die fiktionale Markierung der Legende von Tarpeia bei Livius (1, 11, 5–9)’, Philologus 158, 306–19.Google Scholar
Musti, D. 1985: ‘I due volti della Sabina. Sulla rappresentazione dei Sabini in Varrone, Dionigi, Strabone, Plutarco’, Dialoghi di Archeologia 3.2, 77–86.Google Scholar
Neel, J. 2014: Legendary Rivals: Collegiality and Ambition in the Tales of Early Rome, Leiden.Google Scholar
Neel, J. 2017: ‘The Vibennae: Etruscan heroes and Roman historiography’, Etruscan Studies 20, 1–34.Google Scholar
Neel, J. (forthcoming): ‘Sculpting history into myth: Tarpeia and foreign conquest’, in Cornell, T. J., Meunier, N. and Miano, D. (eds), Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Rome, Leiden.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, R. M. 1965: A Commentary on Livy, Books 1–5, Oxford.Google Scholar
O'Neill, K. 1995: ‘Propertius 4.4: Tarpeia and the burden of aetiology’, Hermathena 158, 53–60.Google Scholar
Pailler, J.-M. 1997: ‘Vulcain et les “Quasi Vestales”. Notes en marge du Volcanus de G. Capdeville’, Pallas 46, 341–6.Google Scholar
Pais, E. 1905: Ancient Legends of Roman History, trans. M. E. Cosenza, London.Google Scholar
Palombi, D. 2006: ‘Vecchie e nuove immagini per Roma augustea. Flavus Tiberis e septem colles’, in Haselberger and Humphrey 2006, 15–29.Google Scholar
Paolucci, P. 2016: ‘Festo e il Saxum Tarpeium’, Myrtia 31, 419–23.Google Scholar
Papaioannou, S. 2003: ‘Founder, civilizer, and leader: Vergil's Evander and his role in the origins of Rome’, Mnemosyne 56, 680–702.Google Scholar
Parker, H. N. 2004: ‘Why were the Vestals virgins? Or the chastity of women and the safety of the Roman state’, American Journal of Philology 125, 563–601.Google Scholar
Pasquali, G. 1936: ‘La Grande Roma dei Tarquinii’, Nuova Antologia 16 agosto 1936, 405–16.Google Scholar
Pasqualini, A. 1996: ‘I miti albani e l'origine delle Feriae Latinae’, in Pasqualini, A. (ed.), Alba Longa. Mito, storia, archeologia. Atti dell'incontro di studio, Roma-Albano Laziale 27–29 gennaio 1994, Rome, 217–53 (= A. Pasqualini, “Latium vetus et adiectum”. Richerche di storia religione e antiquaria, Rome (2013), 75–115).Google Scholar
Pasqualini, A. 2016: ‘Le istituzioni albane tra mito e storia’, Rationes Rerum 7, 69–90.Google Scholar
Pausch, D. 2008: ‘Der aitiologische Romulus. Historisches Interesse und literarische Form in Livius’ Darstellung der Königszeit’, Hermes 136, 38–60.Google Scholar
Pausch, D. 2017: ‘Livy's Battle in the Forum between Roman monuments and Greek literature’, in Sandberg, K. and Smith, C. (eds), Omnium Annalium Monumenta: Historical Writing and Historical Evidence in Republican Rome, Leiden, 279–300.Google Scholar
Picard, C. G. 1957: Les trophées romaines. Contribution à l'histoire de la religion et de l'art triomphal de Rome, Paris.Google Scholar
Poucet, J. 1967: Recherches sur la légende sabine des origines du Rome, Louvain.Google Scholar
Rea, J. 2006: Legendary Rome: Myth, Monuments and Memory on the Palatine and Capitoline, London.Google Scholar
Rehak, P. 2006: Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius, ed. Younger, J. G., Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Reinach, S. 1908: ‘Tarpeia’, Révue Archéologique 11, 43–74.Google Scholar
Richardson, L. Jr. 1992: A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Rives, J. B. 1995: ‘Human sacrifice among pagans and Christians’, Journal of Roman Studies 85, 65–85.Google Scholar
Roller, M. B. 2004: ‘Exemplarity in Roman culture: the cases of Horatius Cocles and Cloelia’, Classical Philology 99, 1–56.Google Scholar
Rothwell, K. S. 1996: ‘Propertius on the site of Rome’, Latomus 55, 829–54.Google Scholar
Russo, F. 2011: ‘Greco, Gallico ed Etrusco. Varrone e le componenti del Latino’, L'Antiquité Classique 80, 167–78.Google Scholar
Sanders, H. A. 1904: ‘The myth about Tarpeia’, in Sanders, H. A. (ed.), Roman Historical Sources and Institutions, New York, 1–47.Google Scholar
Scheid, J. 1990: Romulus et ses frères. Le collège des Frères Arvales, modèle du culte public dans la Rome des empereurs, Rome.Google Scholar
Scholz, U. W. 2010: ‘Die Rom-Gründung bei Ennius: (zu ann. 35–58 V ~ 35–62 Sk)’, in Fincke, J. C. (ed.), Festschrift für Gernot Wilhelm anläßlich seines 65. Geburtstages am 28. Januar 2010, Dresden, 299–305.Google Scholar
Schultz, C. E. 2010: ‘The Romans and ritual murder’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 78, 516–41.Google Scholar
Schultz, C. E. 2012: ‘On the burial of unchaste Vestal virgins’, in Bradley, M. and Stow, K. (eds), Rome, Pollution and Propriety: Dirt, Disease and Hygiene in the Eternal City from Antiquity to Modernity, Cambridge, 122–36.Google Scholar
Schultz, C. E. 2016: ‘Roman sacrifice, inside and out’, Journal of Roman Studies 106, 58–76.Google Scholar
Semioli, A. A. 2010: Tarpeia e la presenza sabina in Roma arcaica, Rome.Google Scholar
Smith, C. J. 2012: ‘The Feriae Latinae’, in Brandt, J. R. and Iddeng, J. W. (eds), Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice, Oxford, 267–88.Google Scholar
Sommella, A. M. 2000: ‘“La Grande Roma dei Tarquini”. Alterne vicendi di una felice intuizione’, Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 101, 7–26.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. 2011: ‘Movement and the linguistic turn: reading Varro's De lingua Latina’, in Laurence, R. and Newsome, D. J. (eds), Rome, Ostia, Pompeii: Movement and Space, Oxford, 57–80.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. 2015a: ‘Urban flux: Varro's Rome-in-progress’, in Östenberg, I., Malmberg, S. and Bjørnebye, J. (eds), The Moving City: Processions, Passages and Promenades in Ancient Rome, London, 99–112.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. 2015b: ‘Varro's Romespeak: De lingua Latina’, in Butterfield 2015a, 73–92.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. 2018: ‘Varro's Roman ways: metastasis and etymology’, in Fitzgerald, W. and Spentzou, E. (eds), The Production of Space in Latin Literature, Oxford, 45–68.Google Scholar
Spencer, D. 2019: Language and Authority in Varro's De lingua Latina: Varro's Guide to Being Roman, Madison, WI.Google Scholar
Stahl, H.-P. 1985: Propertius: ‘Love’ and ‘War’: Individual and State Under Augustus, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Staples, A. 1998: From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion, London.Google Scholar
Stevenson, T. 2011: ‘Women of early Rome as exempla in Livy, Ab urbe condita, Book 1’, Classical World 104, 175–89.Google Scholar
Sullivan, J. P. 1984: ‘Propertius Book IV: themes and structures’, Illinois Classical Studies 9, 30–4.Google Scholar
Takács, S. A. 2008: Vestal Virgins, Sibyls, and Matrons: Women in Roman Religion, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. J. 2015: ‘The new Varro and the structure of his De lingua Latina’, in Butterfield 2015a, 19–31.Google Scholar
Thein, A. 2014: ‘Capitoline Jupiter and the historiography of Roman world rule’, Histos 8, 284–319.Google Scholar
Thomas, Y. 1990: ‘L'institution de l'origine. Sacra principium populi romani’, in Détienne, M. (ed.), Tracés de fondation, Louvain, 143–70.Google Scholar
Tucci, P. L. 2005: ‘“Where high Moneta leads her steps sublime”. The “Tabularium” and the Temple of Juno Moneta’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18, 6–33.Google Scholar
Tucci, P. L. 2006: ‘L'Arx Capitolina: tra mito e realtà’, in Haselberger and Humphrey 2006, 63–73.Google Scholar
Tucci, P. L. 2018: ‘A funerary monument on the Capitoline: architecture and painting in mid-republican Rome, between Etruria and Greece’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 31, 30–52.Google Scholar
Turcan, R. 2004: ‘Un relief controversé de la basilique émilienne. Enterrement d'une vestale?’ Comptes rendues de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 148, 457–71.Google Scholar
Várhelyi, Z. 2007: ‘The specters of Roman imperialism: the live burials of the Gauls and Greeks at Rome’, Classical Antiquity 26, 277–304.Google Scholar
Ver Eecke, M. 2008: La république et le roi. Le mythe de Romulus à la fin de la république romaine. De l'archéologie à l'histoire, Paris.Google Scholar
Vout, C. 2012: The Hills of Rome: Signature of an Eternal City, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Warden, J. 1978: ‘Another would-be Amazon: Propertius 4, 4, 71–72’, Hermes 106, 177–87.Google Scholar
Weinstock, S. 1971: Divus Julius, Oxford.Google Scholar
Welch, T. 2005: The Elegiac Cityscape: Propertius and the Meaning of Roman Monuments, Columbus, OH.Google Scholar
Welch, T. 2012: ‘Perspectives on and of Livy's Tarpeia’, EuGeStA 2, 169–200.Google Scholar
Welch, T. 2015: Tarpeia: Workings of a Roman Myth, Columbus, OH.Google Scholar
Wildfang, R. L. 2006: Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire, London.Google Scholar
Wiseman, T. P. 1979: ‘Topography and rhetoric: the trial of Manlius’, Historia 28, 32–50.Google Scholar
Wiseman, T. P. 1983: ‘The wife and children of Romulus’, Classical Quarterly 33, 445–52.Google Scholar
Wiseman, T. P. 1995: Remus: A Roman Myth, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wiseman, T. P. 2009: Remembering the Roman People: Essays on Late-Republican Politics and Literature, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wiseman, T. P. 2015: ‘Rome on the balance: Varro and the foundation legend’, in Butterfield 2015a, 93–122.Google Scholar
Zehnacker, H. 2008: ‘La description de Rome dans le livre V du De lingua Latina de Varron’, in Fleury, P. and Desbordes, O. (eds), Roma illustrata. Représentations de la ville, Actes du colloque internationale de Caen, 6–8 octobre 2005, Caen, 421–32.Google Scholar