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Some Constitutions composed by Justinian

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

A. M. Honoré
A. M. Honoré
Affiliation:
All Souls College, Oxford
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Extract

During the reigns of Justin (518–527) and Justinian (527–565), as at other periods of the later Roman empire, the duty of composing imperial constitutions fell on the quaestor of the sacred palace (qsp). His chief duty was said to be leges dictare. But this is perhaps too formal a description of his office. Composing laws was only part of his function. He, if anyone, was expected to initiate new legislation. Thus Procopius has an interesting passage about Proclus, the elegant draftsman who was Justin's quaestor. Proclus, the only quaestor mentioned by Procopius with approval, was upright and incorruptible: ‘He did not lightly compose laws nor was he willing to disturb the existing order.’ Here ‘compose,’ graphein, means to put a draft before the emperor in the form of a legislative proposal (suggestio) and the implication is that there would be little legislation unless the quaestor or some other official or body proposed it. But the quaestor was not confined to proposing and drafting laws.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 65 , November 1975 , pp. 107 - 123
Copyright
Copyright © A. M. Honoré 1975. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 Not. Dig. Or. xii, Occ. x, ‘sub dispositione viri illustris quaestoris: leges dictandae; preces’; Jones, A. H. M., The Later Roman Empire iii (1964), 74Google Scholar, n. 3.

2 Elegant and subtle: CJ 2, 7, 25 (1 Dec. 519), ‘sexaginta auri libras, quas sub imperio Zenonis divae memoriae pedaneis deputatas arbitris nec non fideiussorum vires aestimantibus tamen auferendas credidit parca posterioris subtilitas principis’ (i.e. Anastasius reduced the perquisites of the bar); 5, 4, 23 (to Demosthenes pp., c. 520 enabling Justinian to marry Theodora, on which see Daube, D., Catholic Univ. of America Law Review 16 (1967), 380 f.Google Scholar).

3 Bell. 1, 11, 11–12.

4 Varia 6, 5: ‘haec (quaestura) nostris cogitationibus necessario familiariter applicatur, ut proprie dicere possit quod nos sentire cognoscit: arbitrium suae voluntatis deponit et ita mentis nostrae velle suscepit ut a nobis magis putetur exisse quod loquitur.’

5 Hist. Arcana 6, 12.

6 To be found in J. P. Migne, Pair. Lat. 63, 426 (1 Aug. 518); 427 (13 Sept. 518); 448; 480 (19 Jan. 520); 486 (9 July 520); 526 (17 Nov. 519); 487; 499 (31 Aug. 520, received 1 Oct. 520); 501 (13 Sept. 520, rec. 30 Nov. 520); 521 (1 March 521). In one or two instances Migne's dates have been amended. A possible eleventh letter is discussed at nn. 28–30 below.

Proclus' style is marked by clausulae with four main stresses of which the phrase parca posterioris subtilitas principis (n. 2 above) is a good example.

7 Hist. Arcana 14, 2–3: πρῶτα μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲνἐς βασιλικὸν ἀξίωμα ἐπιτηδείως ἔχον οὔτε αὐτὸς εἶχεν οὔτε ξυμφυλάσσειν ἠξίου, ἀλλὰ τήν τε γλῶτταν καὶ τὸ σχῆμα καὶ τὴν διάνοιαν ἐβαρβάριζεν. ὀσα τε γράφεσθαι πρὸς αὐτοῦ βούλοιτο, οὐ τῷ τὴν κοιαίστωρος ἔχοντι τιμήν, ᾗπερ εἰώθει, ἐπέστελλε διοικεῖσθαι (? γράφεσθαι, ἐξοίσεσθαι, οἵεσθαι), ἀλλ᾿ αὐτός τε τὰ πλεῖστα, καίπερ οὕτω τῆς γλώττης ἔχων, ἐκφέρειν ἠξίου.

8 Procopius, Bell. 1, 11, 11; Hist. Arc. 6, 13; CJ 12, 19, 15 (‘Iustinus et Iustinianus AA. Tatiano mag. off.: excelsae memoriae Proculo viro suggerente’).

9 CJ 7, 63, 5 (‘Imp. Iustinianus A. Triboniano quaestori sacri palatii’).

10 Procopius, Bell. 1, 24, 17; cf. Bury, J. B., History of the Later Roman Empire ii (repr. 1958), 41Google Scholar.

11 Procopius, Bell. 1, 24, 18.

12 Nov. 17 (‘Imp. Iustinianus Triboniano quaestori sacri palatii et exconsuli’).

13 Nov. 75 ( = 104 ‘Idem Aug. Triboniano quaestori sacri palatii’).

14 Stein, E., ‘Deux questeurs de Justinien et l'emploi des langues dans ses novelles’, Bulletin de la classe des lettres de l'Académie royale de Belgique, 5e série xxiii (1937), 365Google Scholar.

15 Hist. Arc. 20, 19 (οὐχ ἧσσον τε ῆ ἑπτὰ ἐνιαυτῶν χρόνον τοῦτον ἡ πολιτεία τὸν γέλωτα ῶφλεν).

16 Ib. 20, 20–3.

17 ‘After thirty-two of Justinian’ counting from the reign of Justin (Hist. Arc. 18, 33; 23, 1; 24, 29, 33 and for the backdating of his reign 6, 26 and Aed. I 3, 3).

18 Mansi, J. D., Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio ix (Florence, 1759–1798), 197, 198Google Scholar (second session, 8 May 553).

19 Above, n. 15.

20 Patr. Lat. 63, 430 (after 13 Sept. 518, see ibid. 63, 427); 63, 450(same); 63, 475; 63, 476 A; 476 C (all before 19 Jan. 520, see ibid. 63, 480); 63, 485 (before 9 July 520, ibid. 63, 486); 63, 496 (received Rome 17 Sept. 520); 63, 507 (after 13 Sept. 520, ibid. 63, 501); 63, 508 (521); 63, 530 (not later than 523: Hormisdas died 6 August 523).

21 Patr. Lat. 66, 14 (6 June 533). John was Pope from 2 Jan. 533 to 8 May 535.

22 Patr. Lat. 66, 35 (535). Agapetus was Pope from 13 May 535 to 22 April 536.

23 Patr. Lat. 66, 41; 42 (the latter 15 March 535).

24 Patr. Lat. 69, 30. Late 543 or early 544.

25 Patr. Lat. 69, 119 (23 May 550).

26 Patr. Lat. 69, 119 (22 May 550).

27 CJ 1, 1, 8, 7, cited in John II's letter to Justinian of 6 April 534.

28 Patr. Lat. 63, 485.

29 Thiel, A., Epistolae romanorum pontificum genuinae i (Brunsberg, 1868)Google Scholar, Ep. 114.

30 O. Guenther, Corpus Script. Eccles. Lat. 35 (Epistulae imperatorum etc., Prague, 1895), Ep. 193.

31 The Patr. Lat. line is the same length as the CJ line in the stereotype edition.

32 Mayr, R. v. & Nicolò, M. San, Vocabularium Codicis Iustiniani (2 vols, repr. Hildesheim 1965)Google Scholar.

33 To calculate the approximate number of words multiply the number of lines by 6·6.

34 Not counting undated constitutions of this reign nor any texts drafted in the quaestorship of Basilides but in fact by Tribonian as chairman of the Digest commission.

35 Kihn, H., Theodor von Mopsuestia und Iunilus Africanus als Exegeten (1880), 222–48Google Scholar; E. Stein, op. cit. (n. 14), 365, 380. The Instituta regularia, a work of Nestorian tendency, must have been written about 542, either just before or shortly after the appointment of Junilus as quaestor.

36 CJ 7, 63, 3 (1 December 518); 5, 27, 7 (9 Nov. 519); 2, 7, 25 (1 Dec. 519); 7, 63, 4 (28 May 520); 6, 22, 8 (1 June 521); 2, 7, 26 (13 Feb. 524); 1, 3, 40 = 6, 23, 23 (19 Nov. 524); 2, 7, 27 (20 Nov. 524); 12, 33, 5 (25 Dec. 524); 7, 39, 7 (1 Dec. 525); 9, 19, 6 (1 Dec. 526).

37 CJ 4, 30, 13; 5, 4, 23; 7, 62, 34; 12, 19, 13 (Proculo qsp.); 12, 19, 14 (all Justin); 5, 3, 19 (Iust. et. Iust.).

38 Above, n. 6.

39 Patr. Lat. 69, 30 (4 May 553).

40 Patr. Lat. 66, 36 C (after Nov. 533 = CJ, 1, 1, 8, 7, 6 June 533).

41 See n. 33 and cf. 63, 508 C (quam solliciti semper fuerimus propter uniendas ecclesias).

42 Patr. Lat. 69, 177, and cf. the letter about Theodore of Mopsuestia in Greek (ibid. 69, 267) which begins Σπουδὴ μὲν γέγονεν ἀεὶ τοῖς ὀρθοδόξοις, καὶ εὐσεβῶς προβεβασιλευκόσι τοῖς ἡμετέροις πατράσι.

43 Patr. Lat. 63, 510 A.

44 Ibid.

45 CJ I, 27, 2 pr. (semper progredimur), 9 b (semper providimus).

46 C. Cordi … pr. (16 Nov. 534) (cordi nobis est … semper, impendere); 1, 17, 2 pr. (tanta est providentia … ut semper nos sustentare dignetur).

47 Patr. Lat. 63, 501, Justin to Hormisdas: quo fuimus semper et quo sumus studio, palam fecisse dignoscimur (13 Sept. 520).

48 Nov. 114 (1 Nov. 541).

49 Patr. Lat. 63, 431 B (scimus etenim litteras vestrae beatitudinis quid super hac eadem causa contineant); 63, 476 A (nostri iubete iugiter facere memoriam); 63, 477 A (petimus vos disponere cautius ut ne locus … detur); 63, 497 A–B (cognoscat vester apostolatus compositis … capitulis universos sacerdotes istius reipublicae libenter amplecti vestram communionem); 66, 42 C (et profitemur ista inconcusse servari, quatenus suam habeant firmitatem).

50 Indeed a letter of 521 (Patr. Lat. 63, 509 B), when Justinian was only consul, runs ultra non patiemur a quoquam controversiam religionis in republica nostra moveri, nec vestram sanctitatem convenit audire superflua concertantes. This supports Procopius, Hist. Arcana 6, 19 (ἀδελφιδοῦς δὲ αὐτῷ [Justin] Ἰουστινιανὸς νέος ὢν ἔτι διῳκεῖτο τὴν ἀρχὴν ξύμπασαν his nephew Justinian while still young conducted the whole government).

51 Patr. Lat. 63, 450 C.

52 Ib. 450 D.

53 Ib. 508 D.

54 Ib. 509 B.

55 CJ 1, 27, 1, 5 (quod per me ultimum servum suum); 9 (per nos ultimos servos suos) (April 534).

56 Sanctitudo tua (63, 428 A bis; 499 C; 502 A;) beatitudo tua (63, 428 A; 480 B; but vestra beatitudo 63, 526 A); vestra reverentia … suis orationibus (63, 487 A); vestra benivolentia (63, 502 B); vestra sedes (63, 502 C), vestra lenitas (63, 502 C): vestra apostolatus (63, 502 C, contrast 63, 509 B, Justinian: tuus apostolatus).

57 Proclus for Euphemia says beatitudinis vestrae litteras (Pair. Lot. 63, 487 B), perhaps because for a woman tuae would be too intimate. But see 63, 526 A, n. 56 above. Euphemia is made to speak of nomen meum probably because a name is strictly personal (63, 487 B).

58 Patr. Lot. 63, 450 D: 475 B.

59 Ib. 508 B.

60 Ib. 507 D.

61 Ib. 36 D; 66, 43 C; 69, 37 B.

62 CJ 1, 12, 6 (466); 12, 29, 2 (474); 12, 35, 17 (Zeno); 1, 17, 2, 13 and 19 (16 Dec. 533); 1, 1, 8, 12, 15, 16 and 24 (6 June 533); 1, 27, 1, 8, (Apr. 534); 1, 29, 5 (‘Iustinianus A. Zetae mag. mil. per Armeniam’ etc.).

63 CJ 12, 29, 2; 12, 35, 17, cf. n. 55 above.

64 CJ 1, 17, 2, 19 (16 Dec. 533).

65 CJ 1, 17, 2, 12 (16 Dec. 533).

66 Patr. Lat. 63, 431 B; 475 C, bis; 496B; 507B; 66, 36 C, bis; 69, 31 C; 32 A; 33 B; 33 C, bis.

67 Ib. 66, 36 C.

68 Ib. 69, 31 C.

69 CJ 2, 36, 1 (200); 9, 40, 1 pr. (211); 12, 22, 2, 2 (357); 8, 50, 19 pr. (366); 11, 6, 2 (372); 11, 8, 7, 1 (380); 5, 9, 2 (381); 11, 5, 9, 8 (388–92); 10, 48, 15, 1 (395); 1, 9, 9 (396); 12, 50, 16 (397); 12, 35, 13 (398); 1, 2, 9 pr. 11, 18, 1 pr. (439); 1, 3, 31, 1 (472); 1, 51, 14, 2 (27 Sept. 529); 8, 33, 3, 2 (18 March 530); 7, 37, 3, 5 (27 Nov. 531); 8, 10, 14, 2 (18 Oct. 532); 1, 8, 8, 8 and 22 (6 June 533); 1, 27, 1, 15 and 20 (Apr. 534); 1, 27, 2, 4, 4a and 15 (13 Apr. 534).

70 Patr. Lat. 63, 476 D.

71 Ib. 497 A, 508 B.

72 Ib. 63, 431 B.

73 CJ 1, 14, 31, 1 (1 Oct. 531); 7, 40, 2, 1 (18 Oct. 531); 8, 10, 14, 2 (18 Oct. 532); 1, 17, 2, 18 (16 Dec. 533).

74 Patr. Lat. 69, 37 B.

75 Ib. 63, 476 B.

76 Ib. 69, 34 A.

77 Ib. 63, 431 A; cf. sine ulla dilatione (Patr. Lat. 69, 119 B).

78 Ib. 69, 33 C.

79 CJ 3, 13, 7, 1 (15 Feb. 502); 4, 35, 22, 3 (23 July 505); 2, 7, 23, 2 (20 Nov. 506); 12, 19, 11 (Anast.).

80 Patr. Lat. 63, 508 B.

81 Ib. 69, 37 B.

82 Ib. 63, 475 B and D.

83 CJ 1, 2, 11 = 10, 49, 2 (445), iter arripimus. Not in C. Th., but found in some fourth-century writers: Thes. Ling. Lat. 2, 643, 34.

84 n. 82 above and Patr. Lat. 63, 496 A.

85 CJ 9, 21, 1 pr. (300 ?); 2, 6, 6, 5 (368); 12, 60, 2 (395); 8, 11, 13, 2 (398); 9, 2, 17 pr. (423); 1, 9, 18 pr. (439); 1, 2, 11 (445); 1, 4, 15; 2, 6, 8 (468); 12, 33, 4 (472 ? ); 1, 51, 14 pr. (27 Sept. 529); 7, 62, 32, 1 (Theo. et Val.); 12, 35, 16 (Leo).

86 Patr. Lat. 63, 431 B.

87 Ib. 431B; 496 B.

88 CJ 9, 9, 32 (392); 11, 10, 7, 2 (Leo, bis); 7, 63, 5, 4 (17 Sept. 529); 5, 37, 26, 1 (23 Aug. 531).

89 CJ 4, 3, 1 (394). In CJ 1, 3, 45, 4 (18 Oct. 530) moras is the genitive singular of mora.

90 Patr. Lat. 63, 496 B. Guenther (n. 30 above) reads moras innectit: CSEL 35, Ep. 196.

91 Ib. 63, 450 D.

92 Ib. 63, 431 A.

93 Ib. 63, 450 D.

94 Ib. 63, 475 C.

95 Ib. 63, 475 C.

96 Ib. 63, 508 A.

97 Ib. 63, 476 B.

98 Ib. 63, 508 B.

99 Ib. 476 A and D.

100 CJ 6, 2, 2 (204); 11, 18, 1, 2 (439); 5, 59, 4 (20 Feb. 531).

101 Patr. Lat. 63, 476 A; CJ 8, 11, 12 (396).

102 Patr. Lat. 63, 431 B; 69, 34 A.

103 Voc. Cod. lust. i, 2177.

104 Patr. Lat. 63, 449 B (Justin, 22 Apr. 519: enim gratius reperiri potest ? quid iustius ? quid illustrius ?); cf. 63,486 D (Justin, 9 July 520, ulterius, remissius); 63, 526 A (Justin, 13 Sept. 520, praestantius); 63, 526 A (Justin, 17 Nov. 519, opportunius); cf. 63, 485 C (temperantius or temperatius, expeditius, above n. 28–30).

105 Perhaps (though for present purposes one must not assume this) Proclus influenced Justinian's style in this respect.

106 His De laude imperatoris Anastasii belongs perhaps to A.D. 503: J. B. Bury, op. cit. (above, n. 10), 12.

107 Patr. Lat. 63, 430 A.

108 Ib. 63, 475 D; 69, 36 A.

109 CJ 1, 14, 8, 1 (446).

110 CJ 1, 3, 54, 2 (533–4).

111 Patr. Lat. 63, 476 B.

112 Ib. 69, 119 A and D.

113 Ib. 69, 119 B and D.

114 Ib. 69. 34 A.

115 Ib. 69, 36 A, bis.

116 CJ 1, 1, 8, 25 (6 Apr. 534), ea sapitis, ea scripsistis, ea populis fidelibus publicastis.

117 Patr. Lat. 69, 34 C.

118 Ib. 66, 35 C. Ante for ‘ago’ recurs in CJ 1, 27, 1, 1 (ante centum et quinque annos).

119 Ib. 63, 508 B. Cf. 63, 485 C, visum est itaque convenire ut nec faciamus impetum contra infinitarum yota multitudinum. The end is good, the beginning inept, and the mixture points to Justinian as the author rather than Justin-Proclus. Cf. nn. 28–30 above.

120 Ib. 69, 31 C.

121 Ib. 69, 32 D.

122 Ib. 69, 31 B.

123 Ib. 63, 476 D.

124 Ib. 509 A. Guenther (CSEL 35, Ep. 235) reads non est igitur 〈grave quod〉 suasit vestra sedes ut praestet. Imitari debetis etenim … Leonem.

125 Ib. 63, 496 C.

126 i.e. the papacy, having said that communion with the eastern churches could be restored once the name of Acacius was struck from the diptychs, should not now try to insist that his successors be struck out as well. Thiel, Hormisdas, Ep. 120. But the phrase is still incoherent, since the Pope cannot now praestare what his predecessor suasit the eastern church to praestare.

127 Patr. Lat. 63, 475 D. The sense requires removeatur or the like.

128 Ib. 63, 476 A.

129 CJ 1, 17,2, pr.(16 Dec. 533).

130 CJ 1, 17, 2 pr. (16 Dec. 533).

131 Just. Nov. 7, 1 (15 Apr. 535): οὐ τῇ πατρίῳ φωνῇ … ἀλλὰ ταύτῃ δὴ τῇ κοινῇ τε καὶ ἑλλάδι; 15 praef. (13 Aug. 535): τῇ πατρίῳ φωνῇ; 13 praef. 1, 1 (15 Oct. 535): ἡ μὲν γὰρ πάτριος ἡμῶν φωνὴ…καὶ τῇ μὲν ἡμετέρᾳ φωνῇ praetores plebis.

132 Hist. Arcana 14, 2 (n. 7 above).

133 Patr. Lat. 63, 508 B, aeternitatis igitur supernae non immemor sanctitas vestra deproperet, ut ita intellegant cuncti recte vos apostolicae sedis esse primatum sortitos; 63, 509 B, ostendat ergo tuus apostolatus quod Petro successit apostolo … nec vestram sanctitatem convenit audire superflua concertantes; 63, 510 B, habentes prae oculis iudidum maiestatis supernae modis omnibus festinare dignemini.

134 Ib. 63, 475 C; 476D; 477A; 496A; 508B; 509 A; 66, 36 C and D; 69, 32 A.

135 CJ 3, 8, 1 (203); 4( 29, 2 (213); 8, 45, 1, 1 (223); 3, 33, 6 (230); 9, 23, 6(290); 9, 22, 2 (316); 3, 11, 2 (318); 5, 5, 3; 7, 62, 15 (319); 3. 12, 2 (321); 7, 16, 42 (322); 6, 7, 2, 1 (326); 6, 9, 8 (320/326); 10, 32, 41 (340); 2, 6, 6 pr. (368); 10 33, 33, 1 (381); 1, 7, 21 (391); 9, 7, 1 pr. (393); 4, 3, 11 (394); 11, 24, 1 (416); 1, 5, 5, 1 (428); 11, 59, 17(444); 5, 14, 9, 4 (468); 5, 3. 18 (479); 5, 27, 7, 1 (519); 1, 1, 8, 8, 22 (6 June 533); 9, 13, 1, 2 (18 Nov. 533); 1, 27, 2, 4b and 9b (13 Apr. 534); 4, 39, 2 (Ant.); 7, 46, 2 (Alex.); 10, 34, 3 pr. (Zeno), 7, 51, 6(Anast.).

136 Note the eight texts between these dates in n. 135 above.

137 Patr. Lat. 69, 32 A.

138 Ib. 63, 507 A.

139 Ib. 63, 431B; 475 B; 496C; 508 B; 509 A; 66, 42 B.

140 Ib. 63, 497 A; 66,43 c.

141 Ib. 63, 475 C; 69, 34 C and D; 36 D.

142 Ib. 69, 36 A.

143 Ib. 66, 43 C.

144 CJ 10, 34, 2, 1 (428); 10, 35, 2, 7 (443); 12, 21, 8, 7; 1, 3, 36 pr. (483–4); 3, 24, 3, 3 (485–6); 4, 20, 14 (486); 6, 49, 6, 1 and 3 (489); 11, 62, 14, 2 (491, bis); 7, 39, 7, 1 (1 Dec. 525); 6, 23, 29, 5 (20 Feb. 531); 6, 61, 8, 5a (29 July 531); 5, 37, 28, 2b (21 Oct. 531); 7, 72, 14, 3 (18 Oct. 532, bis); 7, 37, 2, 1; 2, 29, 3, 1 (Zeno); 12, 37, 16, 1 (Anast.). The expression is mainly found in a quaestor of late Zeno and early Anastasius. Sicut praedictum est occurs in CJ 1, 27, 2, 7 (13 Apr. 534); 6, 23, 31, 5 (5 July 534).

145 n. 144 above.

146 Patr. Lat. 63, 507 A; 508 C; 509 A; 66, 43 A (sicut ante prophetae et ipse nos Christus erudivit); 69,33 C; 36 B; 37 A.

147 Too numerous to set out: Voc. Cod. Iust. 1, 2260–1.

148 Patr. Lat. 63, 475 B and D.

149 Ib. 63, 475 C, bis.

150 Ib. 63, 476 B and B–C.

151 Ib. 63, 476 C and D.

152 Ib. 63, 475 C, bis.

153 Ib. 66, 35 C.

154 Ib. 63, 496 A.

155 Ib. 69, 34 A.

156 n. 48 above.

157 Patr. Lat. 63, 431 A; 509 B. In the first passage Guenther (CSEL 35, Ep. 147) and Thiel (Hormisdas, Ep. 44) read convenit ordiri consensum, an implausible phrase.

158 Ib. 63, 476 B, C; 496 B; 510 B.

159 CJ 3, 12, 1 (305); 8, 11, 8 (385); 8, 50, 20, 5 (409); 1, 27, 2, 4b (13 Apr. 534).

160 Patr. Lat. 63, 430 (optavimus); 476 A (optamus); 486 B; 496 B.

161 CJ 12, 28, 2, 2 (319); 1, 2, 1 (321); 11, 48, 5 (366); 5, 35, 2, 1 (390); 4, 3, 1 (394); 12, 57, 10 (407); 11, 10, 4 pr. (412); 9, 2, 19, 1 (423); 11, 19, 1, 3 (425); 12, 16, 3, 3 (432); 12, 33, 5 pr. (524); 1, 17, 1, 2 (15 Dec. 530); 1, 17, 2 pr. (16 Dec. 533); 1, 27, 1, 15 (Apr. 534).

162 CJ 11, 19, 1, 3 (425); 1, 27, 1, 15 (Apr. 534).

163 CJ 1, 17, 2 pr. (16 Dec. 533).

164 Patr. Lat. 63, 430 D; 431 A; 450 D; 475 C and D; 476 D; 496 C and D; 501 B; 508 A and D.

165 CJ 1, 50, 2 (427); 5, 4, 23 pr. (520–3); 1, 17, 1, 4 (15 Dec. 530), 6, 61, 7 pr. (18 March 530); 1, 17, 2 pr. (16 Dec. 533); 1, 1, 8, 36 and 38 (from pope John II, 6 Apr. 534); 1, 27, 1, 1; 5 and 8 (Apr. 534).

166 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 7–24 (6 June 533).

167 Ib. 1, 1, 8.

168 Patr. Lat. 66, 35.

169 CJ 1, 1, 8, 8; cf. Patr. Lat. 66, 36 C.

170 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 8; cf. Patr. Lat. 66, 36 c.

171 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 8; cf. Patr, Lat. 66, 36 C.a hapax in CJ, but 1, 27, 1, 15 has festinemus (Apr. 534).

172 CF 1, 1, 8, 22 (6 June 533).

173 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11 (6 June 533).

174 Ib. 1, 3, 54 Pr. (Idem = Iustinianus Iohanni pp.).

175 Ib. 1, 4, 31, 1 (1 Oct. 531); 7, 40, 2, 1 (18 Oct. 531).

176 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11 and 17.

177 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11 (ut dictum est); 18 (sicut dictum est).

178 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 19 (sicut vestra apostolica sedes docet).

179 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11 and 23.

180 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11 and 15.

181 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11, 15, and 18.

182 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11.

183 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 9.

184 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11.

185 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 23.

186 Ib. 1, 27, 1 (Apr. 534).

187 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 5.

188 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 9.

189 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 9: cf. Patr. Lat. 63, 476 A, n. 25 above.

190 Inst. 2, 20, 35 fin. (impossible or immoral legacies).

191 CJ 10, 11, 2, 1 (6 Sept. 238, Gordian III shortly after becoming sole emperor: ne quid in persona tua quod est sectae temporum meorum alienum adtemptetur).

192 Ib. 2, 3, 30, 4 (1 Nov. 531): secta temporum meorum non patitur.

193 Nov. 36, 6 (1 Jan. 535).

194 Of which he was capable: hence the joke, taken seriously by Justinian, that Tribonian was afraid he might be swept up into heaven on account of his piety (Procopius, Hist. Arcana 13, 12).

195 Patr. Lat. 63, 487 B.

196 Ib. 63, 449 B.

197 CJ 1, 27, 1, 1 (Apr. 534).

198 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 21–42, 174 lines.

199 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 23 (ter), 24 (quat.).

200 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 15, and 20.

201 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 15.

202 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 16; 1, 27, 2, 15 (13 Apr. 534).

203 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 1 and 8.

204 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 8.

205 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 8.

206 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 8.

207 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 10, 12 and 21.

208 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 7 (13 Apr. 534).

209 Patr. Lat. 63, 476 A; cf. 63, 430 D (optavimm).

210 CJ I, 27, 1, 15.

211 Ib. 11, 19, 1, 3(425).

212 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 11 (6 June 533).

213 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 43.

214 Ib. 8, 50, 4, 1 (290); 10, 72, 8 (386); 6, 22, 8, Ib (521); 6, 51, 1, 16 (1 June 534).

215 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 20 (bis).

216 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 20 (bis).

217 Ib. 9, 19, 4, 3 (357); 9, 39, 2, 2 (451); 5, 51, 13, 3 (1 Aug. 530); 3, 1, 13, 6 (27 March 530).

218 Ib. 9, 24, 14 (321); 8, 51, 2 pr. (374); 10, 22, 1, 4 (410); 10, 36, 1, 4 (442); 1, 12, 5 (451); 1, 27 1, 20 (bis); 1, 27, 2, 17a (13 Apr. 534); 1, 3, 54, 11 (533–4); II, 43, 10. 3 (Zeno) and n. 21 above.

219 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 17a (13 Apr. 534).

220 Ib. 1, 3. 54. 11 (533–4).

221 Ib. 5, 51, 13, 3 (1 Aug. 530); 3, 1, 13, 6 (27 March 530).

222 Ib. 9, 30, 1 (384); II, 9, 4, 4 (424); 10, 12, 2, ia (444); 7, 51, 4 (450); 1, 5, 18, 3 (455); 1, 4, 15, bis; 2, 6, 8, bis; 9, 12, 10, 2 (468); 3, 12, 9, 3 (469); 1, 27, 1, 20, bis (Apr. 534).

223 n. 222 above.

224 CJ I, 27, 1, 1.

225 Thes. Ling. Lat. 3, 369.

226 CJ I, 27, 1, 43.

227 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 18.

288 Ib. 1, 27, 2 pr. (13 Apr. 534).

229 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 4, 4a and 15.

230 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 15.

231 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 17a.

232 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 13.

233 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 11.

234 Patr. Lat. 63, 496 D.

235 CJ I, 27, 2, 4, and 7.

236 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 7.

237 Patr. Lat. 69, 36 A.

238 CJ I, 27, 1, 8 and 15.

239 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 4, 4b and 10.

240 Ib. 4, 65, 1 (213); 1, 2, 14, 2 (470); 1, 2, 37, 16, 4a (Anastasius).

241 Ib. 1, 27, 1, 5.

242 Ib. 1, 27, 2, 5 and 14.

243 Ib. 2, 12, 16, 2; 4, 26, 7, 3 (293); 11, 33, 2 (3H); I, 35, 1 (320); 7. 4. 11 pr. (‘Diocl. et Max. AA et CC’).

244 ‘Iustinianus Iohanni pp.’, between 17 Nov. 533 and 12 Sept. 534.

245 CJ I, 3, 54 pr.

246 nn. 207–8 above.

247 CJ I, 3, 54. 2.

248 nn. 108–110 above.

249 CJ I, 3, 54, 2 in fin.

250 Of thirty-two such texts in CJ twenty-four are by their dates, and three others (apart from the present text) by their style, Tribonian's: 3, 15, 1 (196); 5, 37, 22, 3 (326); 3. 66, 5, 1 (383–4); 4, 32, 26 pr. (11 Dec. 528, Thomas); 4, 1, 11 pr.; 6, 57, 5, 1 (17 Sept. 529); 3, 28, 33, 1 (17 Oct. 529); 4, 21, 21, 4 (20 Feb. 530); 5, 12, 31, 6; 5, 27, 11, 3 (18 March 530); 4, 28, 7 pr.; 4, 29, 24, 1 (1 Aug. 530); 3, 33, 16, 1: 7, 4, 15 (1 Oct. 530); 4, 31, 14, 1; 5. 13, 1, 14a, ter (1 Nov. 530); 4, 18, 2, 1; 6, 40, 2, 2 (20 Feb. 531); 6, 43, 3, 2a; 2, 52, 7 pr. (1 Sept. 531); 7, 31, 1 pr. (18 Oct. 531); 7, 61, 1, 8 (1 Nov. 531); 6, 30, 22, 1 and 5; 7, 37, 3, 1a (27 Nov. 531); 11, 48, 22, 4 (531); all Tribonian by date and 7, 24, 1 (531–4), 11, 48, 23 (531–4), 2, 3, 5, 2 (531–3), Tribonian by style.

251 There are fourteen texts in CJ: 9, 51, 13 pr. (321); 11, 2, 1 (357); 12, 35, 13, 1 (398); 10, 19, 7, 1 (401); 1, 51, 5 (415); 11. 60, 3 pr; 12, 25, 1 (416); 3, 4, 1, 2 (440); 2, 7, 9 (442); 6, 37, 26, 1 (18 Oct. 532); 1, 27, 2, 13 and 15 (13 Apr. 534); 12, 29 1 (Zeno); 1, 3, 54, 7 (533–4).

252 CJ 1, 3, 54, 11.

253 p. 108 above.

254 CJ 1, 3, 54, II.

255 Adversus Originem (Patr. Lat. 69, 177–226); Confessio rectae fidei adversus tria capitula (Patr. Lat. 69, 226–67); Epistula ad sanctam synodum de Theodoro Mopsuesteno etc. (63, 267–74); Epistula ad nonnullos impium Theodorum etc. propugnantes (63, 273–327)

256 There are 5, 842 lines of Greek out of 57,176, which is 10·2 per cent.

257 CJ 1, 1, 6 pr. (15 March 533).

258 Ib. 1, 1, 6, 1.

259 Ib. 1, 1, 6, 3: οὐ καινίζοντες πίστιν, μὴ γένοιτο; 1, 1, 7, 19 (27 March 533): ὄπερ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται πραχθῆναί ποτε, μὴ γένοιτο: ‘which can never happen—and may it never happen’, incoherent.

260 Sixteen uses: CJ 1, 1, 5, 1, a and 3 (527 ?); 1, 1, 6, 4, 6 (bis) and 8 (13 March 533); 1, 1, 7, 4 (bis), 7 (quat.), 8, 10 and 11 (7 Apr. 533).

261 CJ I, 1, 6, 3 says that Justinian made his theological views clear at the beginning of the reign: the reference may be to CJ I, 1, 5. The reign began on 1 April 527 and Justinian became sole ruler on 1 August 527.

262 Corpus Iuris Civilis iii (Schoell-Kroll 1919), 797, 799, 803Google Scholar.

263 CJC iii, 797.

264 It falls in the quaestorship of Tribonian but presents no clear mark of his authorship. Sicut occurs in the last sentence.

265 nn. 39–45 above.

266 CJ I, 2, 7, 2 and 5.

267–8 On quia clauses after the main verb cf. n. 36 above.

269 On quoniam clauses after the main verb see nn. 31–5 above.

270 CJC iii, 797, 1, 25 and 28.

271 Ibid. i, 17–18 cf. Patr. Lat. 63, 475 D (subito autem iter arripiente praedicto agente in rebus etiam duo pallia sacra ad ornamentum altaris sanctorum apostolorum direximus quas suscipientes efficacissimis precibus vestris nostri iubete iugiter facere memoriam).

272 CJC iii, 797, 1, 15.

273 CJ 9, 19, 5 pr. (363); 2, 7, 17 pr. (474).

274 Patr. Lat. 63, 433 (Hormisdas to Justinian, Ep. 31); 63, 437 (Hormisdas to Euphemia, Ep. 33); 63, 440 (Hormisdas to Justinian, Ep. 37).

275 CJC iii, 797, l.23; cf. nn. 160–3 above.

276 Nov. 157.

277 Nov. 117.

278 CJC iii, 799 (appendix 6). E. Stein, op. cit (n. 14), 373 describes it as a translation from the original Greek, but without explanation. Perhaps he was struck by the awkwardness of the style.

279 n. 242 above.

280 nn. 148–52 above.

281 nn. 232–4 above.

282 n. 139 above.

283 CJC iii 797 (appendix 3, 20 Oct. 542), p. 120 above.

284 Ib. 803 (appendix 9).

285 nn. 108–10 above.

286 nn. 207–8 above.

287 nn. 212–4 above.

288 CJ I, 3, 54 (533–4).

289 Ib. 1, 1, 5 (527 ?); 1, 1, 6 (15 March 533); 1, 1, 7(6 Apr. 533).

290 Ib. 1, 1, 8, 7–24; 1, 27, 1; 1, 27, 2; and Appendices 3, 6, and 9 to the Novels come to 853 lines, the Fourteen Documents to 812.

291 Procopius, Hist. Arcana 14, 3 f.

292 Ib. 14, 2.

293 E.g. CJ 1, 2, 19 (528, Thomas); 1, 2, 21–3 (529 to March 530, Tribonian); 1, 3, 48–51 (23 Aug. 531 to 1 Nov. 531, Tribonian).

294 So to some extent does CJ 1, 3, 54 (533–4).

295 E. Stein, op. cit. (n. 14), 378.

296 Procopius, Hist. Arcana 20, 17.

297 Even Jones, A. H. M., Later Roman Empire i (1964), 270Google Scholar, ‘he (Justinian) was by the standards of the times well versed in Roman history and antiquities and took pleasure in reviving such antique titles as praetor and quaestor in their primitive significance’, apparently forgetting the quaestor's role which is described at LRE i, 352. Rubin, B., Das Zeitalter Iustinians i (Berlin, 1960), 89CrossRefGoogle Scholar makes the emperor a ‘romantisch-antiquarischer Restaurator’. Still more naive, Grupe, E., Kaiser Iustinian (Leipzig, 1923), 50Google Scholar, n. 3, and ‘Zur Latinität Iustinians’, ZSS 14 (1893), 224–37; 15 (1894), 327–42. The attribution of the mixed metaphors in the Corpus Iuris to Justinian's personal intervention, see Schubart, W., ‘Iustinians Corpus Iuris’, Die Antike 2 (1935), 265, 269Google Scholar, is mistaken; only Tribonian of the quaestors of the age is addicted to these.

298 Patr. Lat. 69, 181 C; 223 A, C and D; 69, 225 A.

299 Nov. 30 praef. (18 March 536: οἱ τῆς ἀρχαίας πολυμαθείας ἐρασταί) can be taken as a self-descriptive phrase of Tribonian.

300 nn. 272–3 above.

301 nn. 82–3 above.

302 C. Haec (13 Feb. 528: ‘haec quae necessario corrigenda multis retro principibus visa sunt, interea tamen nullus eorum hoc ad effectum ducere ausus est’… Thomas, but expressing also Justinian's field of vision).

303 CJ 1, 27, 1, 6 (6 Apr. S34: ‘quod beneficium dei antecessores nostri non meruerunt quibus non solum Africam liberare non licuit, sed et ipsam Romam viderunt ab eisdem Wandalis captain et omnia imperialia ornamenta in Africam exinde translata’). Leo unsuccessfully tried to reconquer North Africa in 468: the Vandals took Rome in 455.

304 The same is true mutatis mutandis of Justinian's Christianity, in which the immovable element is the Council of Chalcedon (451).

305 n. 141 above.

306 CJ 6, 35, 11, 2 and 3 (30 Apr. 531), ‘divi Marci prudentissimi principis…princeps philosophiae…Merito enim nobis sanctissimi Marci per omnia constitutionem replere placuit: nihil etenim actum esse credimus dum aliquid addendum superest’; 5, 17, 12 (11 Aug. 534): Μάρκῳ τῷ φιλοσοφωτάτῳ τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων; Nov. 22, 19 (18 March 536): ὁ φιλοσοφώτατος … Μᾶρκος; Nov. 60, 1(1 Dec. 537): Μᾶρκος ὁ φιλοσοφώτατος τῶν αὐτοκρατόρων; Nov. 108 praef. 2 (1 Feb. 541): ὁ φιλόσοφος ἐν βασιλεῦσι Μᾶρκος.

307 Procopius, Hist. Arcana 13, 2.