Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T00:20:22.489Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Romanization and Isomorphic Change in Phrygia: the Case of Private Associations*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2016

Benedikt Eckhardt*
Affiliation:
Universität Bremen

Abstract

Romanization in the province of Asia did not manifest itself in linguistic or cultural changes, but is very visible in a trend towards corporate organization. In the cities of western and southern Phrygia, professional associations developed that were able to gain a prominent position alongside the civic institutions. It is possible to relate this process to incentives provided by Roman law. In the villages surrounding these cities, and especially in the rural areas of northern and eastern Phrygia, the conditions were different, but there are several indications that a new preference for formal organization and its epigraphic representation developed here as well.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This article is based on a seminar paper given at a meeting of the Copenhagen Associations Project in February 2014. I thank Vincent Gabrielsen and his staff for creating a stimulating environment and an insightful discussion. The article has profited a lot from remarks by Andrew Lepke, and from the helpful suggestions of three anonymous reviewers. Special thanks are due to Kimberley Czajkowski for correcting my English.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agusta-Boularot, S., and Seigne, J. 2004: ‘La vie civique de Gerasa de la Décapole. L'apport des inscriptions du “théâtre” nord de Jerash (Jordanie)’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome 116, 481569 Google Scholar
Alföldy, G. 2005: ‘Romanisation – Grundbegriff oder Fehlgriff? Überlegungen zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Erforschung von Integrationsprozessen im römischen Weltreich’, in Visy, Z. (ed.), Limes XIX, Pécs, 2556 Google Scholar
Ameling, W. 2004: Inscriptiones Judaicae Orientis. Band II: Kleinasien, Tübingen Google Scholar
Ando, C. 2010: ‘Imperial identities’, in Whitmarsh, T. (ed.), Local Knowledge and Microidentities in the Imperial Greek World, Cambridge, 1745 Google Scholar
Arnaoutoglou, I. N. 1998: ‘Between koinon and idion: legal and social dimensions of religious associations in ancient Athens’, in Cartledge, P., Millett, P. and von Reden, S. (eds), Kosmos. Essays in Order, Conflict and Community in Classical Athens, Cambridge, 6883 Google Scholar
Arnaoutoglou, I. N. 2002: ‘Roman law and collegia in Asia Minor’, Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquité 49, 2744 Google Scholar
Arnaoutoglou, I. N. 2011: ‘Craftsmen associations in Roman Lydia – a tale of two cities?’, Ancient Society 41, 257–90Google Scholar
Auffarth, C. 2013: ‘Mysterien (Mysterienkulte)’, Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum 25, 422–71Google Scholar
Ausbüttel, F. 1982: Studien zu den Vereinen im Westen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz Google Scholar
AvH: Humann, C. et al. (eds), Altertümer von Hierapolis (1898), Berlin Google Scholar
Belayche, N. 2013: ‘L’évolution des formes rituelles: hymnes et mystèria’, in Bricault, L. and Bonnet, C. (eds), Panthée: Religious Transformations in the Graeco-Roman Empire, Leiden, 1740 Google Scholar
Bendlin, A. 2005: ‘“Eine Zusammenkunft um der religio willen ist erlaubt … ”? Zu den politischen und rechtlichen Konstruktionen von (religiöser) Vergemeinschaftung in der römischen Kaiserzeit’, in Kippenberg, H. G. and Schuppert, G. F. (eds), Die verrechtlichte Religion. Der Öffentlichkeitsstatus von Religionsgemeinschaften, Tübingen, 65107 Google Scholar
Bendlin, A. 2011: ‘Associations, funerals, sociality, and Roman law: the collegium of Diana and Antinous in Lanuvium (CIL 14.2112) reconsidered’, in Öhler, M. (ed.), Aposteldekret und antikes Vereinswesen. Gemeinschaft und ihre Ordnung, Tübingen, 207–96Google Scholar
Benndorf, O., and Niemann, G. 1884: Reisen in Lykien und Karien, Vienna Google Scholar
Brélaz, C. 2005: La Sécurité publique en Asie Mineure sous le Principat (Ier–IIIème s. ap. J.-C.). Institutions municipales et institutions impériales dans l'Orient romain, Basel Google Scholar
Cadwallader, A. H. 2007: ‘A new inscription, a correction and a confirmed sighting from Colossae’, Epigraphica Anatolica 40, 109–18Google Scholar
Cadwallader, A. H., and Trainor, M. (eds) 2011: Colossae in Space and Time. Linking to an Ancient City, Göttingen Google Scholar
Çenival, F. de 1988: ‘Papyrus Seymour de Ricci: le plus ancien des règlements d'association religieuse (4ème siècle av. J.-C.) (Pap. Bibl. Nationale E 241)’, Revue d’Égyptologie 39, 3746 Google Scholar
Chiai, G. F. 2009: ‘Die Ortsgebundenheit des Religiösen: Das Paradigma der ländlichen Heiligtümer Phrygiens in der Kaiserzeit’, in Auffarth, C. (ed.), Religion auf dem Lande. Entstehung und Veränderung von Sakrallandschaften unter römischer Herrschaft, Stuttgart, 133–60Google Scholar
Chuvin, P. 1987: ‘Une stèle des Motaleis, sur le territoire de Hièrapolis’, Revue archéologique, 107–8Google Scholar
Cole, S. G. 1991: ‘Dionysiac mysteries in Phrygia in the imperial period’, Epigraphica Anatolica 17, 41–9Google Scholar
Cracco Ruggini, L. 1976: ‘La vita associativa nelle città dell'Oriente greco: tradizioni locali e influenze romane’, in Pippidi, D. M. (ed.), Assimilation et résistance à la culture gréco-romaine dans le monde ancien, Bucharest, 463–91Google Scholar
De Ligt, L. 2001: ‘D. 47,22,1,pr.-1 and the formation of semi-public collegia’, Latomus 60, 340–58Google Scholar
DiMaggio, P. J., and Powell, W. W. 1983: ‘The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields’, American Sociological Review 48, 147–60Google Scholar
Dittmann-Schöne, I. 2001: Die Berufsvereine in den Städten des kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasiens, Regensburg Google Scholar
Dondin-Payre, M., and Tran, N. (eds) 2012: Collegia. Le phénomène associatif dans l'Occident romain, Paris Google Scholar
Drew-Bear, T. 1978: Nouvelles inscriptions de Phrygie, Zutphen Google Scholar
Drew-Bear, T., and Eck, W. 1976: ‘Kaiser-, Militär- und Steinbruchinschriften aus Phrygien’, Chiron 6, 289318 Google Scholar
Drew-Bear, T., and Naour, C. 1990: ‘Divinités de Phrygie’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II , 18, 3, 19072044 Google Scholar
Drew-Bear, T., Thomas, C., and Yildizturan, M. 1999: Phrygian Votive Steles, Ankara Google Scholar
Ehrhardt, N., and Günther, W. 2013: ‘Hadrian, Milet und die Korporation der milesischen Schiffseigner. Zu einem neu gefundenen kaiserlichen Schreiben’, Chiron 43, 199220 Google Scholar
Engelmann, H. 2012: ‘Inschriften von Patara’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 182, 179201 Google Scholar
Erdemir, H. 2011: ‘Woollen textiles: an international trade good in the Lycus valley in antiquity’, in Cadwallader and Trainor 2011, 104–29Google Scholar
Feyel, C. 2009: Δοκιμασία. La place et le rôle de l'examen préliminaire dans les institutions des cités grecques, Paris Google Scholar
Gabba, E. 1984: ‘The collegia of Numa: problems of method and political ideas’, Journal of Roman Studies 74, 81–6Google Scholar
Gabrielsen, V. 2007: ‘Brotherhoods of faith and provident planning: the non-public associations of the Greek world’, Mediterranean Historical Review 22, 183210 Google Scholar
Giannakopoulos, N. 2008: Ο Θεσμός της Γερουσίας των Ελληνικών Πόλεων κατά τους Ρωμαϊκούς Χρόνους. Οργάνωση και Λειτουργίες, Thessalonike Google Scholar
Giannakopoulos, N. 2013: ‘The gerousia of Akmonia’, Gephyra 10, 1331 Google Scholar
Gnoli, T., and Thornton, J. 1997: ‘Σώζε τὴν κατοικίαν. Società e religione nella Frigia romana. Note introduttive’, in Gusmani, R., Salvini, M. and Vannicelli, P. (eds), Frigi e Frigio, Rome, 153200 Google Scholar
Harland, P. 2003: Associations, Synagogues and Congregations. Claiming a Place in Ancient Mediterranean Society, Minneapolis Google Scholar
Harland, P. 2006: ‘Acculturation and identity in the Diaspora: a Jewish family and “pagan” guilds at Hierapolis’, Journal of Jewish Studies 57, 222–44Google Scholar
Harland, P. A. 2014: Greco-Roman Associations: Texts, Translation, and Commentary. Vol. II: North Coast of the Black Sea, Asia Minor, Berlin CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haspels, C. H. E. 1962: ‘Relics of a Dionysiac cult in Asia Minor’, American Journal of Archaeology 66, 285–87Google Scholar
Haspels, C. H. E. 1971: The Highlands of Phrygia. Sites and Monuments, Princeton Google Scholar
Huttner, U. 2008: ‘Die Färber von Laodikeia und Hierapolis. Eine Nachricht aus dem Corpus der Alchemisten’, Marburger Beiträge zur antiken Handels-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte 26, 139–57Google Scholar
Jaccottet, A.-F. 2003: Choisir Dionysos. Les associations dionysiaques ou la face cachée du dionysisme, Vol. 2, Zürich Google Scholar
Jaccottet, A.-F. 2006: ‘Un dieu, plusieurs mystères? Les différents visages des mystères dionysiaques’, in Bonnet, C., Rüpke, J. and Scarpi, P. (eds), Religions orientales – culti misterici. Neue Perspektiven – nouvelles perspectives – prospettive nuove, Stuttgart, 219–30Google Scholar
Jones, C. P. 1987: ‘Sophron the comoedos’, Classical Quarterly 37, 208–12Google Scholar
Kaizer, T. 2002: The Religious Life of Palmyra. A Study of the Social Patterns of Worship in the Roman Period, Stuttgart Google Scholar
Kantor, G. 2009: ‘Knowledge of law in Roman Asia Minor’, in Haensch, R. (ed.), Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation. Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der römischen Welt, Munich, 249–65Google Scholar
Kantor, G. 2013: ‘Law in Roman Phrygia: rules and jurisdictions’, in Thonemann, P. (ed.), Roman Phrygia. Culture and Society, Cambridge, 143–67Google Scholar
Kearsley, R. A. 2011: ‘Epigraphic evidence for the social impact of Roman government in Laodicea and Hierapolis’, in Cadwallader and Trainor 2011, 130–50Google Scholar
Kirbihler, F. 2007: ‘Die Italiker in Kleinasien, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Ephesos (133 v. Chr.–1. Jh. n. Chr.)’, in Meyer, M. (ed.), Neue Zeiten – Neue Sitten. Zu Rezeption und Integration römischen und italischen Kulturguts in Kleinasien, Vienna, 1935 Google Scholar
Kloppenborg, J. S. 1996: ‘Collegia and thiasoi. Issues in function, taxonomy and membership’, in Kloppenborg, J. S. and Wilson, S. G. (eds), Voluntary Associations in the Graeco-Roman World, London, 1630 Google Scholar
Kokkinia, C. 1999: ‘Rosen für die Toten im griechischen Raum und eine neue ῥοδισμός-Inschrift aus Bithynien’, Museum Helveticum 56, 204–21Google Scholar
Kolb, A. 2003: ‘Δεκάνιον – ein hapax legomenon’, Epigraphica Anatolica 36, 115–19Google Scholar
Kretschmer, P. 1900: ‘Bilinguis aus Dorylaion’, Athenische Mitteilungen 25, 445–6Google Scholar
Kunnert, U. 2012: Bürger unter sich. Phylen in den Städten des kaiserzeitlichen Ostens, Basel Google Scholar
Laubry, N., and Zevi, F. 2012: ‘Inscriptions d'Ostie et phénomène associatif dans l'empire romain: nouveaux documents et nouvelles considérations’, Archeologia Classica 63, 297343 Google Scholar
Laum, B. 1914: Stiftungen in der griechischen und römischen Antike. Ein Beitrag zur antiken Kulturgeschichte. Band 2: Urkunden, Leipzig Google Scholar
Le Roux, P. 2004: ‘La romanisation en question’, Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 59, 287311 Google Scholar
Liebenam, W. 1890: Zur Geschichte und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens. 3 Untersuchungen, Leipzig Google Scholar
Liu, J. 2005: ‘Local governments and collegia: a new appraisal of the evidence’, in Aubert, J.-J. et al. (eds), A Tall Order. Writing the Social History of the Ancient World. Essays in Honour of William V. Harris, Leiden, 285316 Google Scholar
Lubotsky, A. 1997: ‘New Phrygian inscription no. 48: palaeographic and linguistic comments’, in Gusmani, R., Salvini, M. and Vannicelli, P. (eds), Frigi e Frigio, Rome, 115–30Google Scholar
Malay, H. 2005: ‘Φιλάνπελοι in Phrygia and Lydia’, Epigraphica Anatolica 38 (2005), 42–4Google Scholar
Martin, K. 2013: Demos – Boule – Gerousia. Personifikationen städtischer Institutionen auf kaiserzeitlichen Münzen aus Kleinasien, Bonn Google Scholar
McLaughlin, J. L. 2001: The marzēaḥ in the Prophetic Literature. References and Allusions in Light of the Extra-Biblical Evidence, Leiden Google Scholar
Mentxaka, R. 1995/96: ‘El derecho de asociación en Roma a la luz del cap. 74 de la “Lex Irnitana”’, Bulletino dell'istituto di diritto romano 37/38, 199218 Google Scholar
Miranda, E. 1999: ‘La comunità giudaica di Hierapolis di Frigia’, Epigraphica Anatolica 31, 109–56Google Scholar
Miranda, E. 2003: ‘Dioniso Kathegemon a Hierapolis di Frigia’, in Epigraphica. Atti delle Giornate di Studio di Roma e di Atene in memoria di Margherita Guarducci (1902–1999), Rome, 165–76Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1993: Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor (2 vols), Oxford Google Scholar
Negev, A. 1963: ‘Nabatean inscriptions from ‘Avdat (Oboda) II’, Israel Exploration Journal 13, 113–24Google Scholar
Neumann, G. 2002: ‘Ein neuer Beleg für Doumos’, Historische Sprachforschung 115, 57–8Google Scholar
Ott, J. 1995: ‘Die Kommandeure der norischen Hilfstruppen’, Tyche 10, 107–38Google Scholar
Paris, P. 1883: ‘Inscriptions de Sébaste’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 7, 448–57Google Scholar
Parker, R. 2010: ‘A funerary foundation from Hellenistic Lycia’, Chiron 40, 103–21Google Scholar
Petzl, G. 2009: ‘Bedrohter Kultvollzug: Hilfe von höherer Stelle’, in Martínez Fernández, Á. (ed.), Estudios de epigrafía griega, La Laguna, 377–86Google Scholar
Poland, F. 1909: Geschichte des griechischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig Google Scholar
Polito, M. 2004: Ιl δοῦμος. Un'associazione sacra in zone di contatto, Naples Google Scholar
Price, S. F. 1984: Rituals and Power. The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor, Cambridge Google Scholar
Ramsay, W. M. 1889: ‘Inscriptions d'Asie Mineure’, Revue des Études Grecques 2, 1737 Google Scholar
Ramsay, W. M. 1895–97: The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia (2 vols), Oxford Google Scholar
Ramsay, W. M. 1927: Asianic Elements in Greek Civilisation, London Google Scholar
Randazzo, S. 1998: ‘I “collegia tenuiorum”, fra libertà di associazione e controllo senatorio’, Studia et Documenta Historiae et Iuris 64, 229–44Google Scholar
Ricl, M. 2003: ‘Society and economy of rural sanctuaries in Roman Lydia and Phrygia’, Epigraphica Anatolica 35, 77101 Google Scholar
Ritti, T. 1983: ‘Epigrafi dedicatorie imperiali di Hierapolis di Frigia’, Rendiconti dell'Accademia dei Lincei 38, 171–82Google Scholar
Ritti, T. 1985: Hierapolis. Scavi e richerche I: fonti letterarie ed epigrafiche, Rome Google Scholar
Ritti, T. 1992/93: ‘Nuovi dati su una nota epigrafe sepolcrale con stefanotico da Hierapolis di Frigia’, Scienze dell'Antichità 6/7, 4168 Google Scholar
Ritti, T. 1995: ‘Associazioni di mestiere a Hierapolis di Frigia’, in Giannattasio, B. Maria (ed.), Viaggi e commerci nell'antichità. Atti VII Giornata Archeologica, Genova, 6584 Google Scholar
Ritti, T. 2002: ‘Documenti epigrafici dalla regione di Hierapolis’, Epigraphica Anatolica 34, 4170 Google Scholar
Ritti, T. 2003: ‘La neocoria di Hierapolis di Frigia’, in Epigraphica. Atti delle Giornate di Studio di Roma e di Atene in memoria di Margherita Guarducci (1902–1999), Rome, 177215 Google Scholar
Ritti, T. 2006: An Epigraphic Guide to Hierapolis (Pamukkale), Istanbul Google Scholar
Ritti, T., and Baysal, H. H. 2008: Denizli-Hierapolis Arkeoloji Müzesi. Yunanca ve Latince Yazılı Eserlerin Kataloğu, Naples Google Scholar
Robert, L. 1983: ‘Les dieux des Motaleis en Phrygie’, Journal des Savants, 4563 Google Scholar
Royer, A. 2006: Associations professionnelles et groupes de gens de métier dans les cités grecques d'Asie Mineure à l’époque impériale (Ier–Ve siècles ap. J.-C.), Dissertation LyonGoogle Scholar
Şahin, S. 1978: ‘Zeus Bennios’, in Şahin, S., Schwertheim, E. and Wagner, J. (eds), Studien zur Religion und Kultur Kleinasiens. Festschrift für Friedrich Karl Dörner zum 65. Geburtstag am 28. Februar 1976, Leiden, 771–90Google Scholar
Sartre, M. 2007: ‘Romanisation en Asie Mineur?’, in Urso, G. (ed.), Tra Oriente e Occidente. Indigeni, Greci e Romani in Asia Minore, Pisa, 229–45Google Scholar
Schuler, C. 1998: Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien, Munich Google Scholar
Schuler, C. 2012: ‘Inscriptions and identities of rural population groups in Roman Asia Minor’, in Davies, J. K. and Wilkes, J. (eds), Epigraphy and the Historical Sciences, Oxford, 63100 Google Scholar
Schwabl, H. 1999: ‘Zum Kult des Zeus in Kleinasien (II). Der phrygische Zeus Bennios und Verwandtes’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 39, 345–54Google Scholar
Şimşek, C. 2007: Laodikeia (Laodikeia ad Lycum), Istanbul Google Scholar
Sommer, S. 2006: Rom und die Vereinigungen im südwestlichen Kleinasien (133 v. Chr.–284 n. Chr.), Hennef Google Scholar
Steinhauer, J. 2014: Religious Associations in the Post-Classical Polis, Stuttgart Google Scholar
Strubbe, J. H. M. 1975: ‘A group of imperial estates in central Phrygia’, Ancient Society 6, 229–50Google Scholar
Terpstra, T. T. 2013: Trading Communities in the Roman World. A Micro-Economic and Institutional Perspective, Leiden Google Scholar
Thonemann, P. 2010: ‘The women of Akmoneia’, Journal of Roman Studies 100, 163–78Google Scholar
Thonemann, P. 2011: The Maeander Valley. A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium, Cambridge Google Scholar
Thonemann, P. 2013a: ‘Phrygia: an anarchist history, 950 bcad 100’, in Thonemann, P. (ed.), Roman Phrygia. Culture and Society, Cambridge, 140 Google Scholar
Thonemann, P. 2013b: ‘Households and families in Roman Phrygia’, in Thonemann, P. (ed.), Roman Phrygia. Culture and Society, Cambridge, 124–42Google Scholar
Trainor, M. 2008: Epaphras. Paul's Educator at Colossae, Collegeville Google Scholar
Tran, N. 2012: ‘Associations privées et espace public. Les emplois de publicus dans l’épigraphie des collèges de l'Occident romain’, in Dondin-Payre and Tran 2012, 63–80Google Scholar
Tran, N. 2013: Dominus tabernae. Le statut de travail des artisans et des commerçants de l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C.–IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.), Rome Google Scholar
Tsouvala, G. 2015: ‘Women members of a gymnasium in the Roman East (IG IV 732)’, in Bodel, J. and Dimitrova, N. (eds), Ancient Documents and their Contexts, Leiden, 111–23Google Scholar
Van Nijf, O. M. 1997: The Civic World of Professional Associations in the Roman East, Amsterdam Google Scholar
Van Nijf, O. M. 2003: ‘Les élites comme patrons des associations professionnelles dans l'orient romain’, in Cébeillac-Gervasoni, M. and Lamoine, L. (eds), Les Elites et leurs facettes. Les élites locales dans le monde hellénistique et romain, Rome, 307–21Google Scholar
Varinlioğlu, E. 2006: ‘Five inscriptions from Acmonia’, Revue des Études Anciennes 108, 355–73Google Scholar
Velkov, V. 1980: ‘Zur Entwicklung des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermösiens’, in Velkov, V., Roman Cities in Bulgaria. Collected Studies, Amsterdam, 131–6Google Scholar
Verboven, K. 2012: ‘Les collèges et la romanisation dans les provinces occidentales’, in Dondin-Payre and Tran 2012, 13–46Google Scholar
Versluys, M. J. 2014: ‘Understanding objects in motion. An archaeological dialogue on Romanization’, Archaeological Dialogues 21, 120 Google Scholar
Waltzing, J.-P. 1895: Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’à la chute de l'Empire d'Occident, Vol. I, Bruxelles Google Scholar
Weiß, P. 2000: ‘Eumeneia und das Panhellenion’, Chiron 30, 617–39Google Scholar
Woolf, G. 1994: ‘Becoming Roman, staying Greek. Culture, identity and the civilizing process in the Roman East’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 40, 116–43Google Scholar
Woolf, G. 1998: Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul, Cambridge Google Scholar
Wörrle, M. 2011: ‘Aizanoi's theatre in use: an epigraphic approach’, in Bilgen, A. N. et al. (eds), Archaeological Research in Western Central Anatolia, Kütahya, 140–50Google Scholar
Wörrle, M. 2015: ‘Die ptolemäische Garnison auf der Burg von Limyra im Licht einer neuen Inschrift’, in Beck-Brandt, B., Ladstätter, S. and Yener-Marksteiner, B. (eds), Turm und Tor. Siedlungsstrukturen in Lykien und benachbarten Kulturlandschaften, Vienna, 291304 Google Scholar
Woudhuizen, F. C. 2008/2009: ‘Phrygian & Greek’, Talanta 40/41, 181217 Google Scholar
Ziebarth, E. 1896: Das griechische Vereinswesen, Leipzig Google Scholar
Zimmermann, C. 2002: Handwerkervereine im Griechischen Osten des Imperium Romanum, Mainz Google Scholar
Zimmermann, K. 2007: ‘Les origines de la gérousie de l’époque impériale’, in Mayer i Olivé, M., Baratta, G. and Almagro, A. Guzmán (eds), XII Congressus Internationalis Epigraphiae Graecae et Latinae. Provinciae Imperii Romani Inscriptionibus Descriptae, Barcelona, 1523–7Google Scholar