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The Origin and Growth of the Cities of Southern Gaul to the Third Century A.D.: An Assessment of the Most Recent Archaeological Discoveries1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

Paul-Albert Février
Paul-Albert Février
Affiliation:
Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence
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Extract

There is scarcely a region of the Roman west which can claim, superficially, to be better known than southern Gaul. There can be no lover of antiquities who has not visited Arles or Nîmes, studied the arch of Orange or the Pont du Gard, devoted some interest to the monuments of Fréjus, the sculptures of Nîmes, or the mosaics of Vienne, not to mention the houses of Glanum or Vaison which have been recovered from the earth by the dedication of Henri Rolland and Canon Sautel. And yet many of these famous monuments have had to wait until very recent years before becoming the subject of detailed monographs: so, the trophy of the Alps, the arch of Orange, or the mausoleum of Glanum. Others, without having received exhaustive publication, have only in recent decades been properly dated (the amphitheatres of Arles and Nîmes) or adequately described: I am thinking of the Maison Carrée.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 63 , November 1973 , pp. 1 - 28
Copyright
Copyright ©Paul-Albert Février 1973. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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111 M. Labrousse, op. cit. p. 140.

112 Livy, Epitome lxi: ‘C. Sextius proconsul, coloniam aquas Sextias condidit’, Velleius Paterculus i, 15; Strabo i, 1, 5; Clerc, M., Aquae Sextiae (Aix, 1916), pp. 129–153.Google Scholar

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114 Rev. arch. de Narbonnaise i, 1968, pp. 55–6, following J. Jannoray, Ensérune pp. 72–3.

115 Gallia xxvii, 1969, pp. 434–446 and Comptes rendus de l'ac. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres 1968, p. 105.

116 Duval, P.-M., ‘Inscriptions gallogrecques trouvées en France’, Actes du colloque sur les influences helléniques en Gaule (Dijon, 1958), pp. 63–9.Google Scholar

117 See above, p. 11, note 81.

118 H. Rolland, Fouilles de Saint-Blaise pp. 136–7.

119 J. Jannoray, Ensérune, pp. 449–456, 465–6.

120 Rancoule, S., ‘Ateliers de potiers et céramique indigène au 1er siècle avant J.-C.’, Rev. arch. de Narbonnaise iii, 1970, pp. 33–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

121 Barruol, G., Gallia xxvii, 1969, p. 401Google Scholar; xxix, 1971, pp. 389–390.

122 Barruol, G., Gallia xxvii, 1969, p. 396Google Scholar; xxix, 1971, p. 384.

123 See above, p. 10, note 64.

124 Gallet de Santerre, H., Gallia xx, 1962, pp. 625–6Google Scholar; xxiv, 1964, p. 494.

125 Barruol, G., Gallia xxvii, 1969, p. 405Google Scholar; xxix; 1971. p. 393.

126 See above, p. 10, note 68.

127 Dumoulin, A., ‘Les puits et fosses de la colline Saint-Jacques à Cavaillon’, Gallia xxiii, 1965, pp. 1–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Salviat, Fr., Gallia xxv, 1967, p. 375.Google Scholar For Bonpas, add Dupoux, J., Cahiers lig. de préhīst. et d'arch. vii, 1958, pp. 103–5.Google Scholar

128 For G. Barruol's excavations, Rolland, H., Gállia xx, 1962, pp. 655–7Google Scholar; xxii, 1964, pp. 545–550; Salviat, Fr., Gallia xxv, 1967, pp. 387–393.Google Scholar For the settlement on the plain, Gallia xiv, 1956, p. 270; xvi, 1958, pp. 392–9; xviii, 1960, pp. 284–5.

129 Barruol, G., Gallia xxvii, 1969, pp. 416–17.Google Scholar

130 Emphasized for one region, Bittérois, by M. Clavel, Béziers cit. (n. 51), pp. 158–160. For the region of Berre, Gourvest, J., ‘A propos de la civilisation des oppida en Provence occidentale’, Ogam viii, 1956, pp. 51–62.Google Scholar

131 Chabot, L., Revue d'études ligures, xxxiv, 1968Google Scholar = Mélanges F. Benoit, 151–215. For the location, Carte arch., Fasc. v, Bouches-du-Rhône (Paris, 1936), no. 270.

132 My thanks are due to the excavator for kindly allowing me to anticipate in the above remarks his publication which is soon to appear.

133 p. 16, note 110.

134 Cicero, , Ad Familiares x, 17, 1Google Scholar; Boyer, R. and Février, P.-A., ‘Stations routières romaines de Provence’, Rev. d'études ligures xxv, 1959, pp. 168–178.Google Scholar

135 Passelac, M., ‘Le “Vicus Eburomagus”, essai de topographie, documents archéologiques’, Rev. arch. de Narbonnaise iii, 1970, pp. 71–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar; M. Gayraud, ‘L'inscription de Bram et les toponymes Eburomagus, Hebromagus, Cobiomagus en Gaule méridionale’, ibid., pp. 103–114.

136 A. Grenier, Carte arch., Aude, no. 91, p. 175.

137 CIL. xii, 78 (with addendum on p. 804), and 81; G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains pp. 340–4.

138 Geogr., iv, 1, 3.

139 Vittinghoff, F., Römische Kolonisation und Bürgerrechtspolitik unter Caesar und Augustus (Akad. der Wissensch. und Lit. zu Mainz, Abh. d. geistes- und sozialwiss. Kl. xiv, 1951), pp. 1220–1366.Google Scholar See also Kromayer, J., ‘Die Militärcolonien Octavians und Caesars in Gallia Narbonensis’, Hermes xxi, 1896, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar

l40 Sueton., Tiberius 4: ‘ad deducendas in Galliam colonias, in quis Narbo et Arelate erant, missus est’.

141 Dio Cass. xlix, 34, 4, and also xliv, 14, 1–2.

142 Res Gestae 28, 1: ‘colonias in…Gallia Narbonensi…militum deduxi’.

143 Béziers cit. (n. 51), pp. 163–7.

144 Piganiol, A., Les documents cadastraux de la colonie romaine d'Orange (Paris, 1962), pp. 31–2Google Scholar; id., L'arc d'Orange pp. 143–153.

145 Nicolaus of Damascus, Vita Caes. 31 (= Fragm. Griech. Historiker ii, A, 90); see also Dizionario epigr. di antichità romane iv (Rome, 1949), s.v. legio.

146 Ad Familiares x, 15, 3; 17, 1.

147 Pliny, , Hist. nat. iii, v (iv), 35.Google Scholar

148 Tacitus, , Annales iv, 5.Google Scholar

149 Février, P.-A., ‘Fouilles à la Plate-Forme de Forum Julii, en 1960–61’, Gallia xx, 1962, pp. 177–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

150 Février, P.-A., ‘Fouilles à la citadelle méridionale de Forum Julii en 1965’, Gallia xiv, 1956, pp. 35–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

151 Goudineau, Chr., La céramique arétine lisse (Paris, 1968)Google Scholar (= Fouilles de l'école franç. de Rome à Bolsena), pp. 277–309. See also the comments of Ettlinger, E., Germania xlix, 1971, pp. 265–271.Google Scholar

152 Fevrier, P.-A., Janon, M. and Waroqueaux, Cl., ‘Fouilles du clos du chapitre à Fréjus (Var)’, Comptes rendus de l'ac. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, 1972, pp. 355–381.Google Scholar

153 Plan and earlier bibliography in Février, P.-A., Forum Julii, (Cuneo, 1963)Google Scholar(Itinéraires ligures, no. 13).

154 A. Piganiol, L'arc d'Orange cit. (n. 3), p. 147.

155 Owing to the geographical limits of this article, I cannot here consider the neighbouring site of Albintimilium; thanks to the excavations of N. Lamboglia, it is the one site where one can follow the development in the late republican and early imperial periods, and it cannot be neglected in any discussion of Southern Gaul.

156 See above, notes 3 and 4. In addition, Bouchet, J., Les antiques (l'arc et le mausolée de Glanum) (Gap, 1969).Google Scholar

157 Plan published by Benoit, F., Arts et Livres de Provence iv, 1957, pp. 41–7.Google Scholar

158 Barruol, G., ‘Essai sur la topographie d'Apta Julia‘, Rev. arch. de Narbonnaise i, 1968, pp. 101–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar, followed by a study of the theatre, pp. 159–200. See also the same author, Les peuples préromains cit. (n. 92), pp. 276–7.

159 Hist. nat. iii, v (iv), 36.

160 CIL xii, 1005, 1114, 1116, 1118, 1120.

161 CIL xii, 1119; cf. 1114, 1116, 1120.

162 Plan published by Sautel, J.: Carte arch. de la Gaule rom., fasc. vii, Vaucluse (Paris, 1939)Google Scholar; with text, no. 88, pp. 50–99.

163 Pliny, Hist. nat. iii, v (iv), ‘Vocontiorum civitatis foederatae duo capita: Vasio et Lucus Augusti’, Pomponius Mela, Chor. ii, 5, 75.

164 Liou, B., ‘La maison du Dauphin à Vaison-la-romaine’, Comptes rendus de l'ac. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres 1971, pp. 286–301.Google Scholar

165 See the attempt by Ginouvès, R., ‘Remarques sur l'architecture domestique à Vaison’, Rev. arch. xxxiv, 1949, pp. 58–65.Google Scholar

166 On the Vocontii, G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains cit. pp. 282–294.

167 Strabo iv, 6, 4.

168 Sex. Afranius Burrus: Pflaum, H.-G., Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le haut empire romain i, (Paris, 1960), pp. 30–33Google Scholar, no. 13.

169 Lassus, J., ‘Remarques sur les mosaïques de Vaison-la-Romaine’, Gallia xxviii, 1970, pp. 35–66 and xxixCrossRefGoogle Scholar, 1971, pp. 45–72.

170 Betz, A., Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1956, pp. 65–8Google Scholar; Lamboglia, N., Rev. d'ét. lig. xxiv, 1958, pp. 350–3Google Scholar; Pflaum, H.-G., Carnuntum Jahrbuch 1961–1962, p. 88.Google Scholar With the example of Glandève, one may compare the new document from Aime: Leglay, M., ‘Quelques données nouvelles sur les routes des Alpes et leur trafic’, Actes du colloque international sur les cols des Alpes (Bourg-en-Bresse, 1969), pp. 121–3.Google Scholar

171 Rolland, H., Gallia xiv, 1956, pp. 55–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fr. Salviat, ibid. xxv, 1967, pp. 391–5 and xxviii, 1970, pp. 448–451.

172 For Aix, P.-A. Février, Le développement urbain cit. (n. 1), pp. 38–9.

173 Commenting on the communication by Liou, B., Comptes rendus de l'ac. des Insc. et Belles-Lettres 1971, pp. 300–1.Google Scholar

174 In the earthen fill of the trench carrying the sewer, sherds of the form Ritterling 12 were found in abundance, but not one of Dragendorff 37.

175 See Gallia xx, 1962, p. 183. Since then, the connections have been traced between the four tanks placed in the corners of the courtyard and the pipes which discharged into the well.

176 Février, P.-A., ‘Les appareils des murs romains de Fréjus’, Rev. d'ét. ligures xxii, 1956, pp. 153–184Google Scholar; though the article needs to be substantially rewritten after the excavations of the past few years.

177 Leglay, M. and Tourrenc, S., Archeologia, no. 26, 1969, pp. 18–29Google Scholar; id., Saint-Romain-en-Gal (Lyon, 1970); Leglay, M., Gallia xxvi, 1968, pp. 580–3Google Scholar; xxix, 1971, pp. 421–5.

178 M. Labrousse, Toulouse antique pp. 237–290.

179 Rev. d'études ligures, xxxv, 1969.

180 P.-A. Février, Le développement urbain…;, pp. 40–3 (dealing essentially with the Alpes Maritimes and the nearby regions).

181 For example: Etienne, R., Bordeaux antique (Bordeaux, 1962), pp. 193–6Google Scholar; Duval, P.-M., Paris antique (Paris, 1961), p. 169.Google Scholar

182 Benoit, F., Gallia viii, 1950, p. 130Google Scholar; xiv, 1956, p. 234; xvi, 1958, pp. 440–6; xviii, 1960, pp. 322–4; xx, 1962, pp. 709–713; xxii, 1964, pp. 590–607; xxv, 1967, pp. 429–433; xxvii, 1969, pp. 456–7; Comptes rendus de l'ac. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres 1962, pp. 207–219; Mélanges A. Piganiol (Paris, 1966), pp. 369–382; Bull. de la soc. nat. des ant. de France 1966, pp. 191–7; Nice et Cimiez antiques (Paris, 1968), pp. 32–49; Goudineau, Chr., Gallia, xxix, 1971, pp. 462–4.Google Scholar

183 Duval, P.-M., Rapport préliminaire sur les fouilles de Cemenelum (1943) Gallia, iv, 1948, pp. 103–121.Google Scholar

184 Leglay, M., ‘Autour des corporations d'AIba’ Bull. de la soc. nat. des Ant. de France 1964, pp. 140–150Google Scholar; id., Comptes rendus de l'ac. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres 1964, pp. 401–5. For the site, id., Fédération hist. du Languedoc méditerranéen et du Roussillon, XLIV° congrès Vivarais et Languedoc (Montpellier, 1972), pp. 55–60.

185 CIL xiii, 1954.

186 I gave a preliminary account in my contribution to the Colloquium on ‘The City’ held at Strasbourg in October, 1971.