Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T02:33:02.493Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ambiguity, Iconology and Entangled Objects on Coinage of the Republican World*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 August 2016

Clare Rowan
Clare Rowan*
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The provincial coinage of the Roman Empire has proven to be a rich source for studying civic experiences of Roman rule, but the coins struck outside Rome during the expansion of the Roman Republic have, by contrast, received relatively little attention. This article aims to begin redressing this neglect by exploring the active rôle of coinage in conceptualizing and representing Roman Republican power. A variety of approaches to this neglected material are employed in order to highlight its potential as a source. Ambiguity, iconology, and entanglement are used as frameworks to explore case studies from across the Roman Republican world, from Spain to Syria. This approach to coin imagery under the Republic reveals the complexity and variety in which the Roman presence, and Roman imperium, was represented before the advent of the Principate.

Keywords

numismaticsRoman Republiciconologyambiguityempireideology
Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 106 , November 2016 , pp. 21 - 57
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2016. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The author would like to thank the anonymous readers of the JRS for their comments and suggestions, which greatly improved this piece. Figures are reproduced at double their size. The following abbreviations are used: ACIP: Villaronga, L., and Benages, J. (eds) 2011: Ancient Coinage of the Iberian Peninsula, Barcelona HN Italy: Rutter, N. K. 2001: Historia Numorum: Italy, London IGCH: Thompson, M., Mørkholm, O., and Kraay, C. M. 1973: An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, New York RPC 1: Burnett, A., Amandry, M., and Ripolles, P. P. 1992: Roman Provincial Coinage Vol. 1, London RRCH: Crawford, M. H. 1969: Roman Republican Coin Hoards, London RRC: Crawford, M. H. 1974: Roman Republican Coinage (2 vols), Cambridge SNG Cop.: Breitenstein, N., and Schwabacher, W. 1981: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Royal Collections of Coins and Medals Danish National Museum. Vol 1: Italy-Sicily, West Milford, New Jersey Svoronos: Svoronos, J. N. 1904–1908: Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion, Athens

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aarts, J. 2005: ‘Coins, money and exchange in the Roman world. A cultural-economic perspective’, Archaeological Dialogues 12, 1–28 Google Scholar
Anderson, B. 1991: Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London Google Scholar
Arévalo González, A. 2012: ‘Las acuñaciones con escritura ibérica de la Hispania Ulterior ’, in Sinner, A. G. and Arévalo, A. (eds), La moneda de los íberos. Ilturo y los talleres layetanos, Premià de Mar, 7–16 Google Scholar
Backhaus, J. G. 1999: ‘Money and its economic and social functions: Simmel and European monetary integration’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58, 1075–90Google Scholar
Bahrfeldt, M. 1904: ‘Die römisch-sicilischen Münzen aus der Zeit der Republik’, Revue Suisse de Numismatique 12, 331–445 Google Scholar
Baldus, H. R. 1987: ‘Syria’, in Burnett, A. and Crawford, M. (eds), The Coinage of the Roman World in the Late Republic, Oxford, 121–51Google Scholar
Bauslaugh, R. A. 1997: ‘Reconstructing the circulation of Roman coinage in first century B.C. Macedonia’, in Sheedy, K. and Papageorgiadou-Banis, C. (eds), Numismatic Archaeology, Archaeological Numismatics, Oxford, 118–29Google Scholar
Bauslaugh, R. A. 2000: Silver Coinage with the Types of Aesillas the Quaestor, New York Google Scholar
Benner, S. M. 2008: Achaian League Coinage of the 3rd through 1st Centuries B.C.E., Lancaster, PA Google Scholar
Billig, M. 1995: Banal Nationalism, London Google Scholar
Bland, R. 1996: ‘The Roman coinage of Alexandria, 30 B.C.–A.D. 296: interplay between Roman and local designs’, in Bailey, D. M. (ed.), Archaeological Research in Roman Egypt: The Proceedings of the Seventeenth Classical Colloquium of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 19, Ann Arbor, 113–27Google Scholar
Blázquez Martínez, J. M., Domergue, C., and Sillières, P. 2002: La Loba. La mine et le village minier antiques, Bordeaux Google Scholar
Blet-Lemarquand, M., Suspène, A., and Amandry, M. 2015: ‘Augustus’ gold coinage: investigating mints and provenance through trace element concentrations’, in Hauptmann, A. and Modarressi-Tehrani, D. (eds), Archaeometallurgy in Europe III, Bochum, 107–13Google Scholar
Briand-Ponsart, C. 2011: ‘La Numidie ou la difficulté de devenir une province’, in Briand-Ponsart, C. and Modéran, Y. (eds), Provinces et identités provinciales dans l'Afrique romaine, Caen, 153–88Google Scholar
Brugnone, A. 1974: ‘Iscrizioni greche del museo civico di Termini Imerese’, Kokalos 20, 218–64Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 1983: ‘The Enna hoard and the silver coinage of the Syracusan democracy’, Revue Suisse de Numismatique 62, 5–26 Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 1986: Coinage in the Roman World, London Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 1989: ‘The beginnings of Roman coinage’, Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 36, 33–64 Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 1995: ‘The unification of the monetary systems of the Roman West: accident or design?’, in Swaddling, J., Walker, S. and Roberts, P. (eds), Italy in Europe: Economic Relations 700 B.C.–A.D. 50, London, 313–20Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 1998: ‘The coinage of the Social War’, in Burnett, A., Wartenburg, U. and Witschonke, R. (eds), Coins of Macedonia and Rome: Essays in Honour of Charles Hersh, London, 165–72Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 2000: ‘The coinage of Roman Macedonia’, in Manoysakas, M. (ed.), To nōmisma sto makedonikō chōro: pnaktika b' epiestēmonikēs synantēsēs: Thessalonikē, 15–17 Maioy, Athens, 89–101 Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 2002: ‘Syrian coinage and Romanisation from Pompey to Domitian’, in Augé, C. and Duyrat, F. (eds), Les monnayages syriens. Quel apport pour l'histoire du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain?, Beirut, 115–22.Google Scholar
Burnett, A. 2011: ‘The Augustan Revolution seen from the mints of the provinces’, Journal of Roman Studies 101, 1–30 Google Scholar
Burnett, A., Amandry, M., and Ripollès, P. P. (eds) 1992: Roman Provincial Coinage Vol. 1, London Google Scholar
Burnett, A., and Crawford, M. (eds) 1987: The Coinage of the Roman World in the Late Republic, Oxford Google Scholar
Butcher, K. 2004: Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 B.C.–A.D. 253, London Google Scholar
Buttrey, T. V. 1999: ‘The content and meaning of coin hoards’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12, 526–32Google Scholar
Camp, J., Ierardi, M., McInerney, J., Morgan, K., and Umholtz, G. 1992: ‘A trophy from the battle of Chaironeia of 86 BC’, American Journal of Archaeology 93, 443–55Google Scholar
Campana, A. 1987: La monetazione degli insorti italici durante la guerra sociale, Soliera Google Scholar
Castrizio, D. 1995: Reggio Ellenistica, Rome Google Scholar
Castrizio, D. 2011: ‘The final series of the Rhegion mint’, Numismatic Chronicle 171, 55–66 Google Scholar
Chaves Tristán, F. 2002: ‘Ritrovamenti monetali in Spagna: problemi d'interpretazione’, in Gorini, G. (ed.), Ritrovamenti monetali nel mondo antico: problemi e metodi, Padua, 203–21Google Scholar
Chueng, A. 1998: ‘The political significance of Roman imperial coin types’, Schweizer Münzblätter 191, 53–61 Google Scholar
Comaroff, J., and Comaroff, J. 2006: ‘Beasts, banknotes and the colour of money in colonial South Africa’, Archaeological Dialogues 12, 107–32Google Scholar
Cordiano, G. 2000: ‘Nuovi studi su ‛Ρήγιον e il suo territorio in età ellenistica’, Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 64, 159–70Google Scholar
Crawford, M. 1969: ‘The financial organization of Republican Spain’, Numismatic Chronicle 9, 79–93 Google Scholar
Crawford, M. 1973: ‘Paestum and Rome. The form and function of a subsidiary coinage’, in La monetazione di bronzo di Poseidonia-Paestum (Atti del III convegno del centro internazionale di studi numismatici, Napoli 19–23 Aprile 1971), Rome, 47–109 Google Scholar
Crawford, M. 1974: Roman Republican Coinage (2 vols), Cambridge Google Scholar
Crawford, M. 1985: Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic, London Google Scholar
Cutroni Tusa, A. 1991–1994: ‘Museo civico ≪Baldassare Romano≫ di Termini Imerese’, Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 38–42, 195–8Google Scholar
de Callataÿ, F. 1997: L'Histoire des guerres mithridatiques vue par les monnaies, Louvain-la-Neuve Google Scholar
de Callataÿ, F. 2005: ‘A quantitative survey of hellenistic coinages: recent achievements’, in Archibald, Z. H., Davies, J. K. and Gabrielsen, V. (eds), Making, Moving and Managing. The New World of Ancient Economies, Oxford, 73–91 Google Scholar
de Callataÿ, F. 2011: ‘More than it would seem: the use of coinage by the Romans in Late Hellenistic Asia Minor (133–63 B.C.)’, American Journal of Numismatics 23, 55–86 Google Scholar
de Callataÿ, F., Depeyrot, G., and Villaronga, L. 1993: L'Argent monnayé d'Alexandre le Grand à Auguste, Brussels Google Scholar
Dench, E. 1995: From Barbarians to New Men. Greek, Roman, and Modern Perceptions of Peoples of the Central Appennines, Oxford Google Scholar
DeRose Evans, J. 1992: The Art of Persuasion: Political Propaganda from Aeneas to Brutus, Ann Arbor Google Scholar
DeRose Evans, J. 2013: ‘Coins and archaeology of the Roman Republic’, in Evans, J. DeRose (ed.), A Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman Republic, Chichester, 110–22Google Scholar
Dietler, M. 2005: ‘The archaeology of colonization and the colonization of archaeology. Theoretical challenges from an ancient Mediterranean encounter’, in Stein, G. J. (ed.), The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters, Santa Fe, 33–68 Google Scholar
Dietler, M. 2010: Archaeologies of Colonialism. Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France, Berkeley Google Scholar
Duyrat, F., and Olivier, J. 2010: ‘Deux politiques de l'or. Séleucides et Lagides au IIIe siécle avant J.-C.’, Revue Numismatique 166, 71–93 Google Scholar
Eckstein, A. M. 2013: ‘What is an empire and how do you know when you have one? Rome and Greek states after 188 BC’, Antichthon 47, 173–90Google Scholar
Ellams, M., Morgan, E., Rowan, C., and Waters, B. 2014: ‘Experiencing the Republican empire: a numismatic perspective’, Journal of of the Numismatic Association of Australia 25, 55–67 Google Scholar
Erkelenz, D. 2002: ‘Das Pörtrait des Statthalters in der Lokalprägung der römischen Provinzen’, Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 81, 65–87 Google Scholar
Ferrary, L. 2014: Philhellénisme et impérialisme, Rome Google Scholar
Foster, R. J. 1998: ‘Your money, our money, the government's money: finance and fetishism in Melanesia’, in Spyer, P. (ed.), Border Fetishisms: Material Objects in Unstable Spaces, New York, 60–90 Google Scholar
Frey-Kupper, S. 2013: Die antiken Fundmünzen vom Monte Iato 1971–1990. Ein Beitrag zur Geldgeschichte Westsiziliens, Lausanne Google Scholar
Gabrici, E. 2006: La monetazione del bronze nella Sicilia antica, Bologna Google Scholar
García-Bellido, M. P. 2000: ‘The historical relevance of secondary material. The case of Augustan Spanish coin in German castra ’, in Wiegels, R. (ed.), Die Fundmünzen von Kalkriese und die frühkaiserzeitliche Münzprägung. Akten des wissenschaftlichen Symposions in Kalkriese, 15.–16. April 1999, Möhnesee, 121–37Google Scholar
García-Bellido, M. P. 2008: ‘From imperatores to imperator: the beginning of the Augustan ≪military≫ coinage in Hispania (27–15 B.C.)’, in García-Bellido, M. P., Mostalac, A. and Jiménez, A. (eds), Del imperium de Pompeyo a la auctoritas de Augusto. Homenaje a Michael Grant, Madrid, 279–94Google Scholar
Gardner, A. 2013: ‘Thinking about Roman imperialism: postcolonialism, globalisation and beyond?’, Britannia 44, 1–25 Google Scholar
Giral Royo, F. 2006: ‘El lobo en las acuñaciones de Iltirta. Imagen monetaria de un mito’, Pyrenae 37, 71–82 Google Scholar
Gitler, H., and Stein-Kushnir, A. 2004: ‘A new date on coins of Marisa in Idumaea and its historical implications’, Revue Suisse de Numismatique 83, 87–94 Google Scholar
Gozalbes, M. 2012: ‘Cities, drachmae, denarii and the Roman conquest of Hispania’, in Sánchez, F. López (ed.), The City and the Coin in the Ancient and Early Medieval Worlds, Oxford, 17–35 Google Scholar
Harl, K. W. 1987: Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East A.D. 180–275. Berkeley Google Scholar
Hart, K. 2005: ‘Notes towards an anthropology of money’, Kritikos 2 (published online at http://intertheory.org/hart.htm)Google Scholar
Haug, E. 2008: ‘Local politics in the late Republic: Antony and Cleopatra at Patras’, American Journal of Numismatics 20, 405–20Google Scholar
Helleiner, E. 2002: ‘The monetary dimensions of colonialism: Why did imperial powers create currency blocks?’, Geopolitics 7, 5–30 Google Scholar
Helleiner, E. 2003: The Making of National Money. Territorial Currencies in Historical Perspective, Ithaca Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, H. J. 1979: ‘Die Römerlager von Numantia. Datierung Anhand der Münzfunde’, Madrider Mitteilungen 20, 238–71Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 2010: ‘Cultural diversity and unity: empire and Rome’, in Hales, S. and Hodos, T. (eds), Material Culture and Social Identities in the Ancient World, Cambridge, 54–75 Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 2012: Entangled. An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things, Malden, MA Google Scholar
Hollander, D. B. 2007: Money in the Late Roman Republic, Leiden Google Scholar
Hölscher, T. 2014: ‘Historical representations of the Roman Republic: the repertory of coinage in comparison with other art media’, in Elkins, N. and Krmnicek, S. (eds), ‘Art in the Round’. New Approaches to Ancient Coin Iconography, Tübingen, 23–37 Google Scholar
Houghton, A., and Lorber, C. 2002: Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue, New York Google Scholar
Howgego, C. 2005: ‘Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces’, in Howgego, , et al. . (2005), 1–18 Google Scholar
Howgego, C. 2013: ‘The monetization of temperate Europe’, Journal of Roman Studies 103, 1–30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howgego, C., Heuchert, V., and Burnett, A. (eds) 2005: Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces, Oxford Google Scholar
Jiménez, A. 2010: ‘Reproducing difference. Mimesis and colonialism in Roman Hispania’, in van Dommelen, P. and Knapp, A. Bernard (eds), Material Connections in the Ancient Mediterranean. Mobility, Materiality and Mediterranean Identities, London, 38–63 Google Scholar
Jiménez Díez, A. 2008: ‘La transformación de las acuñaciones Hispanas en época de César’, in García-Bellido, M. P., Mostalac, A. and Jiménez, A. (eds), Del imperium de Pompeyo a la auctoritas de Augusto. Homenaje a Michael Grant, Madrid, 129–40Google Scholar
Jiménez Díez, A., and Rodà, I. 2015: ‘Hispaniae and Narbonensis’, in Friedland, E. A., Sobocinski, M. G. and Gazda, E. K. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture, Oxford, 487–503 Google Scholar
Joy, J. 2009: ‘Reinvigorating the object biography: reproducing the drama of object lives’, World Archaeology 41, 540–56Google Scholar
Kallet-Marx, R. M. 1995: Hegemony to Empire. The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C., Berkeley Google Scholar
Kay, P. 2014: Rome's Economic Revolution, Oxford Google Scholar
Keay, S. 2003: ‘Recent archaeological work in Roman Iberia’, Journal of Roman Studies 93, 146–211 Google Scholar
Kindler, A. 1980: ‘The “damnatio memoriae” of Elagabal on city-coins of the Near East’, Schweizer Münzblätter 30, 3–7 Google Scholar
Knapp, R. C. 1977: ‘The date and purpose of Iberian denarii’, Numismatic Chronicle 17, 1–18 Google Scholar
Knapp, R. C. 1987: ‘Spain’, in Burnett and Crawford 1987, 19–42Google Scholar
Kopytoff, I. 1986: ‘The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process’, in Appadurai, A. (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, Cambridge, 64–94 Google Scholar
Kroll, J. 1972: ‘Two hoards of first-century B.C. Athenian bronze coins’, ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΝ ΔΕΛΤΙΟΝ 27, 86–120 Google Scholar
Kroll, J. 1993: The Athenian Agora XXVI: The Greek Coins, Princeton Google Scholar
Kroll, J. 1997a: ‘Coinage as an index of Romanization’, in Hoff, M. C. and Rotroff, S. I. (eds), The Romanization of Athens, Oxford, 135–50Google Scholar
Kroll, J. 1997b: ‘Traditionalism vs Romanization in bronze coinages of Greece, 42–31 B.C.’, Topoi: Orient Occident 7, 123–36Google Scholar
Kuttner, A. 2013: ‘Representing Hellenistic Numidia in Africa and at Rome’, in Prag, J. R. W. and Quinn, J. (eds), The Hellenistic West. Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, 216–72Google Scholar
Landau, P. S. 2002: ‘An amazing distance: pictures and people in Africa’, in Landau, P. S. and Kaspin, D. D. (eds), Images and Empires. Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa, Berkeley, 1–40 Google Scholar
Levine, D. N. 1985: The Flight from Ambiguity, Chicago Google Scholar
Liampi, K. 2002: ‘Die Einführung des Kultes des Zeus Eleutherios in Makedonien. Die numismatischen Zeugnisse aus dem Hortfund von Serres’, Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung 117, 203–20Google Scholar
Lorber, C. C. 2012: ‘The coinage of the Ptolemies’, in Metcalf, W. E. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, Oxford, 211–34Google Scholar
Luley, B. P. 2008: ‘Coinage at Lattara. Using archaeological context to understand ancient coins’, Archaeological Dialogues 15, 174–95Google Scholar
Mackay, C. S. 2000: ‘Sulla and the monuments: studies in his public persona’, Historia 49, 161–210 Google Scholar
MacKay, P. A. 1968: ‘Bronze coinage in Macedonia 168–166 B.C.’, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 14, 5–13 Google Scholar
Marchetti, P. 1978: Histoire économique et monétaire de la deuxième guerre punique, Brussels Google Scholar
Marten, L., and Kula, N. C. 2008: ‘Meanings of money: national identity and the semantics of currency in Zambia and Tanzania’, Journal of African Cultural Studies 20, 183–98Google Scholar
Martin, S. 2015: Du statère au sesterce. Monnaie et romanisation dans la Gaule du nord et de l'est (IIIe s. a.C. / Ier s. p.C.), Bordeaux Google Scholar
Mastelloni, M. A. 1987: ‘Rinvenimenti monetali a Reggio Calabria’, Studi per Laura Breglia Parte 1 (Bollettino di numismatica supplemento 4), Rome, 79–104 Google Scholar
Mazard, J. 1955: Corpus Nummorum Numidiae Mauretaniaeque, Paris Google Scholar
McAlee, R. 1999: ‘The Livia hoard of Pseudo-Philip tetradrachms’, American Journal of Numismatics 11, 1–12 Google Scholar
McAlee, R. 2007: The Coins of Roman Antioch, Lancaster PA Google Scholar
Meadows, A. 1998: ‘The Mars/eagle and thunderbolt gold and Ptolemaic involvement in the Second Punic War’, in Burnett, A., Wartenberg, U. and Witschonke, R. (eds), Coins of Macedonia and Rome: Essays in Honour of Charles Hersh, London, 125–34Google Scholar
Meadows, A. 2013: ‘Review: I. Prokopov, Die Silberprägung der Insel Thasos und die Tetradrachmen des ‘thasischen Typs’ vom 2.–1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. ’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 133, 274–5Google Scholar
Meadows, A. 2014: ‘Imitiative coinage in first-century Pamphylia’, in Dörtlük, K., Tekïn, O. and Seyhan, R. Boyraz (eds), Proceedings: First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, Istanbul, 409–22Google Scholar
Meadows, A., and Williams, J. 2001: ‘Moneta and the monuments: coinage and politics in Republican Rome’, Journal of Roman Studies 91, 27–49 Google Scholar
Miles, M. M. 2008: Art as Plunder. The Ancient Origins of Debate about Cultural Property, Cambridge Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T. 1998: The Last Dinosaur Book, Chicago Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T. 2005: What Do Pictures Want? Chicago Google Scholar
Mulhall, S. 1990: On Being in the World. Wittgenstein and Heidegger on Seeing Aspects, London Google Scholar
Mwangi, W. 2001: ‘Of coins and conquest: the East African Currency Board, the Rupee crisis, and the problem of colonialism in the East Africa Protectorate’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 43, 763–87Google Scholar
Mwangi, W. 2002: ‘The lion, the native and the coffee plant: political imagery and the ambiguous art of currency design in colonial Kenya’, Geopolitics 7, 31–62 Google Scholar
Ñaco del Hoyo, T. 2005: ‘ Vectigal incertum: guerra y fiscalidad republicana en el siglo II a.C.’, Klio 87, 366–95Google Scholar
Newell, E. T. 1927: The Coinages of Demetrius Poliorcetes, London Google Scholar
Noreña, C. 2001: ‘The communication of the emperor's virtues’, Journal of Roman Studies 91, 146–68Google Scholar
Noreña, C. 2011: ‘Coins and communication’, in Peachin, M. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World, Oxford, 248–68Google Scholar
Olsen, B. 2010: In Defense of Things. Archaeology and the Ontology of Objects, Lanham Google Scholar
Papageorgiadou-Bani, H. 2004: The Numismatic Iconography of the Roman Colonies in Greece. Local Spirit and the Expression of Imperial Policy, Athens Google Scholar
Prag, J. 2007a: ‘Ciceronian Sicily: the epigraphic dimension’, in Dubouloz, J. and Pittia, S. (eds), La Sicile de Cicéron: Lectures des verrines. Actes du colloque de Paris, 19–20 mai 2006 organisé par l'UMR 8585, centre Gustave Glotz, Besançon, 245–72Google Scholar
Prag, J. 2007b: ‘ Auxilia and gymnasia: a Sicilian model of Roman imperialism’, Journal of Roman Studies 97, 68–100 Google Scholar
Prokopov, I. S. 2006: Die Silberprägung der Insel Thasos und die Tetradrachmen des ‘thasischen Typs’ vom 2.–1. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Berlin Google Scholar
Prokopov, I. S. 2012: The Silver Coinage of the Macedonian Regions 2nd–1st Century B.C., Wetteren Google Scholar
Puglisi, M. 2009: La Sicilia da Dionisio I a Sesto Pompeo. Circolazione e funzione della moneta, Messina Google Scholar
Richardson, J. 2011: The Language of Empire: Rome and the Idea of Empire from the Third Century B.C. to the Second Century A.D., Cambridge Google Scholar
Ripollès, P. P. 2005: ‘Coinage and identity in the Roman provinces: Spain’, in Howgego, C., Heuchert, V. and Burnett, A. (eds), Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces, Oxford, 79–93 Google Scholar
Ripollès, P. P. 2007: Las acuñaciones de la ciudad ibérica de Saitabi, Valencia Google Scholar
Ripollès, P. P. 2008: ‘The X4 hoard (Spain): unveiling the presence of Greek coinages during the Second Punic War’, Israeli Numismatic Journal 3, 51–64 Google Scholar
Ripollès, P. P. 2010: Las acuñaciones provinciales romanas de Hispania, Madrid Google Scholar
Ripollès, P. P. 2012: ‘The ancient coinages of the Iberian Peninsula’, in Metcalf, W. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, Oxford, 356–71Google Scholar
Ripollès, P. P., Cores, G., and Gozalbes, M. 2009: ‘El tesoro de Armuña de Tajuña (Guadalajara). Parte I: las monedas’, in González, A. Arévalo (ed.), Actas XIII Congreso Nacional de Numismática ≪Moneda y Arqueología≫, Madrid-Cádiz, 163–82Google Scholar
Romano, I. B. 1994: ‘A hellenistic deposit from Corinth: evidence for interim period activity (146–44 B.C.)’, Hesperia 63, 57–104 Google Scholar
Rose-Greenland, F. 2013: ‘The Parthenon marbles as icons of nationalism in nineteenth-century Britain’, Nations and Nationalism 19, 654–73Google Scholar
Rowan, C. 2013a: ‘Coinage as commodity and bullion in the western Mediterranean c. 550–100 B.C.’, Mediterranean Historical Review 28, 105–27Google Scholar
Rowan, C. 2013b: ‘The profits of war and cultural capital: silver and society in Republican Rome’, Historia 61, 361–86Google Scholar
Rowan, C. 2013c: Under Divine Auspices. Divine Ideology and the Visualisation of Imperial Power in the Severan Period, Cambridge Google Scholar
Rowan, C. 2014a: ‘Iconography in colonial contexts. The provincial coinage of the Late Republic in Corinth and Dyme’, in Elkins, N. and Krimnicek, S. (eds), ‘Art in the Round’: New Approaches to Coin Iconography, Tübingen, 147–58Google Scholar
Rowan, C. 2014b: ‘The value of coinage in the Second Punic War and after’, in Bokern, A. and Rowan, C. (eds), Embodying Value? The Transformation of Objects in and from the Ancient World, Oxford, 77–88 Google Scholar
Rowan, C. forthcoming a: ANS / CUP Handbooks to the Coinage of the Ancient World: 49 BC–AD 14, Cambridge Google Scholar
Rowan, C. forthcoming b: ‘Coinage between cultures: mediating power in Roman Macedonia’, in Basu, P. (ed.), The In-Betweenness of Things: Materializing Meditation and Movement between Worlds, London Google Scholar
Rowan, C. forthcoming c: ‘Imagining Empire under the Republic’, in Haymann, F., Hollstein, W. and Jehne, M. (eds), Neue Forschungen zur Münzprägung der römischen Republik, Dresden Google Scholar
Ruegg, S. D. 1995: Underwater Investigations at Roman Minturnae, Jonsered Google Scholar
Rutter, N. K. 2001: Historia Numorum Italy, London Google Scholar
Salmon, E. T. 1989: ‘The Hirpini: “ex Italia semper aliquid novi”’, Phoenix 43, 225–35Google Scholar
Schäfer, T. 1989: Imperii Insignia. Sella Curulis und Fasces. Zur Repräsentation römischer Magistrate, Mainz Google Scholar
Schulten, A. 1914–1931: Numantia. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1905–1912. Band IV, Munich Google Scholar
Seligman, A. B., and Weller, R. P. 2012: Rethinking Pluralism: Ritual, Experience, and Ambiguity, Oxford Google Scholar
Siciliano, A. 1995: ‘Tesoretto monetale rinvenuto a Strongoli’, in de Sensi Sestito, G. (ed.), I Bretti, Rossano, 185–96Google Scholar
Silberstein Trevisani Ceccherini, S. 2014: La monetazione di Reggio magnogreca dal IV sec. a.C. alla chiusura della zecca, Rome Google Scholar
Sinner, A. G. 2015: ‘Cultural contacts and identity construction: a colonial context in NE Spain (2nd–early 1st c. B.C.)’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 28, 7–37 Google Scholar
Sinner, A. G., and Martí Garcia, C. 2012: ‘La circulación monetaria en el valle de Cabrera de Mar (El Maresme, Barcelona)’, in Sinner, A. G. and Arévalo, A. (eds), La moneda de los íberos. Ilturo y los talleres layetanos, Premià de Mar, 55–71 Google Scholar
Stockhammer, P. W. 2012: ‘Conceptualizing cultural hybridization in archaeology’, in Stockhammer, P. W. (ed.), Conceptualizing Cultural Hybridization, Berlin, 43–58 Google Scholar
Stumpf, G. R. 1991: Numismatische Studien zur Chronologie der römischen Statthalter in Kleinasien, Saarbrücken Google Scholar
Suspène, A. 2012: ‘Monnaies locales et identités: le cas du monnayage colonial de la Nîmes augustéene’, Revue Numismatique 169, 23–34 Google Scholar
Sutherland, C. H. V. 1976: The Emperor and the Coinage. Julio-Claudian Studies, London Google Scholar
Thomas, N. 1991: Entangled Objects. Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar
Thompson, M. 1954: The Athenian Agora II: Coins from the Roman through the Venetian Period, Princeton Google Scholar
Thompson, M. 1961: The New Style Silver Coinage of Athens, New York Google Scholar
Trillmich, W. 2003: ‘Überfremdung einheimischer Thematik durch römisch-imperiale Ikonographie in der Münzprägung hispanischer Städte’, in Noelke, P., Naumann-Steckner, F. and Schneider, B. (eds), Romanisation und Resistenz in Plastik, Architektur und Inschriften der Provinzen des Imperium Romanum, Mainz am Rhein, 619–33Google Scholar
Tusa Cutroni, A. 1958–1959: ‘Soprintendenza alle antichità per le province di Palermo e di Trapani’, Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 5–6, 306–18Google Scholar
van Alfen, P., Almagro-Gorbea, M., and Ripollès, P. P. 2008: ‘A new Celtiberian Hacksilver hoard, c. 200 BCE’, American Journal of Numismatics 20, 265–93Google Scholar
Vasaly, A. 1993: Representations. Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory, Berkeley Google Scholar
Versluys, M. J. 2013: ‘The archaeology of empire during the Republic’, in Evans, J. DeRose (ed.), A Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman Republic, Chichester, 429–40Google Scholar
Versluys, M. J. 2014: ‘Understanding objects in motion. An archaeological dialogue on Romanization’, Archaeological Dialogues 21, 1–20 Google Scholar
Villaronga, L. 1969–70: ‘Las monedas de Iltirda con lobo en el reverso’, Ampurias 31–32, 259–71Google Scholar
Villaronga, L. 1978: Las monedas ibericas de Ilerda, Barcelona Google Scholar
Villaronga, L. 1987: ‘Use de la ceca de Emporion por los Romanos, para cubrir sus necesidades financieras en la Peninsula Iberica durante la Segunda Guerra Punica’, Studi per Laura Breglia Part 1, Bollettino di Numismatica Supplemento No. 4, 209–14Google Scholar
Villaronga, L. 1998: Les dracmes ibèriques i llurs diviors, Barcelona Google Scholar
Visonà, P., and Frey-Kupper, S. 1996: ‘The Romanization of the ager bruttius and the evidence of coin finds’, Revue Suisse de Numismatique 75, 77–100 Google Scholar
Visonà, P., and Frey-Kupper, S. 1998: ‘The Romanization of the ager bruttius and the evidence of coin finds, part II’, Revue Suisse de Numismatique 77, 81–98 Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. 1986: ‘Image and authority in the coinage of Augustus’, Journal of Roman Studies 76, 66–87 Google Scholar
Warren, J. A. 1999: ‘The Achaian League silver coinage controversy resolved: a summary’, Numismatic Chronicle 159, 99–109 Google Scholar
Weisser, B. 2005: ‘Pergamum as paradigm’, in Howgego, C., Heuchert, V. and Burnett, A. (eds), Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces, Oxford, 135–42Google Scholar
Whitley, J. 2013: ‘Homer's entangled objects: narrative, agency and personhood in and out of Iron Age texts’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23, 395–416 Google Scholar
Williams, J. H. C., and Burnett, A. 1998: ‘Alexander the Great and the coinages of Western Greece’, in Ashton, R. and Hurter, S. (eds), Studies in Greek Numismatics in Memory of Martin Jessop Price, London, 380–93Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. 1953: Philosophische Untersuchungen, Oxford Google Scholar
Wolf, D., and Lorber, C. 2011: ‘The “Galatian shielf without Σ” series of Ptolemaic bronze coins’, Numismatic Chronicle 171, 7–53 Google Scholar
Wolters, R. 1999: Nummi Signati, Munich Google Scholar
Woytek, B. 2005: ‘Iulius Caesars Finanzen und Münzprägung im Jahre. 49 v. Chr.: Bemerkungen zu RRC 443/1’, in Asíns, C. Alfaro, Maros, C. and Otero, P. (eds), XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Madrid, 2003, Actas, Madrid, 643–8Google Scholar
Yarrow, L. 2013: ‘Heracles, coinage and the West: three Hellenistic case-studies’, in Prag, J. R. W. and Quinn, J. (eds), The Hellenistic West. Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, 348–66Google Scholar
Zarrow, E. M. 2008: ‘Augustus and non-portrait coinage in Roman Spain’, Numismatica e antichità classiche 37, 215–46Google Scholar
Zehnacker, H. 1973: Moneta (2 vols), Rome Google Scholar
Zubrzycki, G. 2011: ‘History and the national sensorium: making sense of Polish mythology’, Qualitative Sociology 34, 21–57 Google Scholar