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Hadrian's Wall, 1939–1949

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

I. A. Richmond
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Extract

In the annals of archaeology on Hadrian's Wall the decade 1929-1939 will always stand out as the time when the principal periods in the history of the monument were firmly fixed and the complicated relationship between its component parts was securely defined. The decade which has followed and is now due for summary, broken by war and still hampered by peace, cannot claim to rival the preceding ten years. Nevertheless, the fixing of the main lines of the design has made it possible to establish some important secondary points which present their own special problems, some solved and others yet to be so, and all much affecting the interpretation of the remains.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Roman Studies , Volume 40 , Issue 1-2 , November 1950 , pp. 43 - 56
Copyright
Copyright © I. A. Richmond 1950. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 JRS XXV, 6-7; cf. Arch. Ael. XVI, 264-277.

2 Archaeologia Aeliana series 4 (AA 4) XVI, 228.

3 Handbook to the Roman Wall, 10th edn. (Handbook 10), 73.

4 JRS XXV, 6-7.

5 Ibid, 14.

6 Northumberland County History (NCH) XIII, 537-8.

7 JRS XXV, 15.

8 Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeological and Antiquarian Soc. Trans. series 2 (CW 2), XIII, 360; JRS XXV, 12-13.

9 AA 4 XXVI, 1-46.

10 Hutton, The History of the Roman Wall (2nd edn., 1813), 158.

11 Proc. of the Soc. of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, series 3 (PSAN3), v, 66.

12 JRS XXV, 225-6; for the new result, JRS XXX, 161, fig. 12.

13 JRS XXXVI, 134, figs. 8, 9, 10.

14 AA 4 XIX, 19 (Benwell); AA 4 XIV, 161 (Halton); JRS XXV, 16, milecastles 37, 38, and 42.

15 Arch. Journ. XCII, 17 n.

16 Ibid. 37.

17 Handbook 10, 18.

18 Castlesteads, CW 2 XXXIV, 164–5: nothing is known of an early fort at Stanwix.

19 JRS XXVII, 247, pl XLIV, 1.

20 CIL VII, 730.

21 CW 1 XVI, 95.

22 CW 2 XXIX, 138-165.

23 CW 2 XLVII, 78-84.

24 Ibid. 85-125.

25 JRS XXXI, 129-130, pl. XII.

26 CW 1 XVI, 83-9.

27 Report forthcoming in CW 2.

28 CIL VII, 730.

29 CIL VII, 362.

30 JRS XXXI, 142 ff.; PSAN 4 IX, 250.

31 JRS XXXIV, 87-8; CIL VII, 620a=EE IX, p. 587.

32 Durham Univ. Journ. 1934, XXIX, 97; JRS XXV, 203

33 AA 1 XX, 134-154.

34 Handbook 10 84.

35 JRS XXXV, 80, fig. 10.

36 Ibid. 81.

37 JRS XXV, 15.

38 e.g. rustic ware, carinated bowls, handled mugs.

39 CW 2 XXXIV, 142.

40 CW 2 XXXV, 250(52); Winshields (40) CW 2 XIII, 318, fig. 16; Castle Nick (39) is unpublished.

41 CW 2 XXXVII, 171-3.

42 This appears in an air photograph taken by Dr. St. Joseph in 1949.

43 JRS XXX, 164, fig. 13, pl. IX, 2.

44 AA 2 XVI, pl. at p. XXVI; cf. NCH XIII, 539.

45 The present Long Jump record is 25 ft. 8 in., but this involves training, special preparation of the ground, and special clothing.

46 Proc. Soc. Antiq. of Scotland (= PSAS) LXXIV, 40-8, fig. 2.

47 Cawfields, JRS XXX, 164, pl. IX, I; Burn, Poltross, CW 2 XIII, 394Google Scholar, pl. XXXIII; Moss, White, CW 2 xxii, 363–5Google Scholar. House, High, CW 2 xxxvi, 160Google Scholar ff.

48 Haverfield in Mommsen, , Provinces of the Roman Empire II (London, 1909), 351Google Scholar.

49 Roman Britain and the English Settlements (1937) 133 ff.

50 CW 2 XXXVII, 171.

51 CW 2 XXII, 420-1.

52 JRS XXX, 164, fig. 13.

53 CW 2 XXII, 420.

54 AA 4 VII, 169-174.

55 Chesters, AA 4 XVI, 238–240; CIL VII, 584: EE VII, 1019 = IX, p. 586.

56 CW 2 XXXIX, 211 ff.

57 AA 4 I, 106-7, on Rudchester and Chesters.

58 AA 1 XX, 147 ff.

59 JRS XXX, 163, fig. 13.

60 Ibid.

61 As at Benwell, AA 4 XI, 177, and Housesteads, , AA 4 XI, 186Google Scholar.

68 AA 4 XI, 179.

63 Haverfield, , PSAS XXXVIII, 454Google Scholar: we may add EE IX, 1383, and subtract CIL VII, 777.

64 Pausanias VIII, 43.

65 JRS XXV, 71, Carlisle, Nether Denton, Corbridge; AA 4 VIII, 204-7, Chesterholm.

66 All these sites have yielded Flavian pottery and in abundance, even Nether Denton.

67 Old Church, turf and clay: CW 2 XXXVI, 173; Boothby, clay: CW 2 XXXIV, 155; Nether Denton, turf: CW 2 XXXIV, 154; Throp, turf: CW 2 XIII, 367; Haltwhistle Burn, stone: AA 2 V, 230-1.

68 Arch. Journ. XCII, 27.

69 AA 3 V, 240 (the east gate).

70 CW 2 XXXVI, 172.

71 CW 2 XXXVII, 170-1.

72 CIL VII, 1186; AA 4 XVI, 255.

73 Cawfields uninscribed, AA 4 XVII, 120; Allolee, Handbook 10, 154.

74 The Centenary Pilgrimage of Hadrian's Wall, 4-9 July, 1949. 24.