¹ The writer is indebted not only to his paper, ‘Senators in the Emperors' Service,’ Proc. Brit. Acad., XXXIX, 197–214, but also to the advice and help of its author.

² οἱ τὰς τοῦ θανάτου δίκας προσταγμένοι, Dio Cass. 54, 26.

³ ILS 932, 972, 1055 (cf. AE 1908, 237), 1068, where the military careers suggest that the military tribunate may have been held though it is not mentioned; but cf. the exceptional case of Salvius Julianus, under Pius (Birley, 208).

⁴ PIR ² C 990, A 333. It is dangerous to generalize about examples in the later period, since they are complicated by more frequent interference of the emperors, the grant of tribunates to boys, and by the tendencies culminating in the third century, when the vigintivirate is thought to disappear.

⁵ Hence Cn. Pullius Pollio (PIR P 802) was ‘xvir stlitibus iudicandis ex s.c.’—probably because he was an equestrian (see below)—and P. Paquius Scaeva (PIR, P 93) was ‘xvir stlitibus iudicandis ex s.c. post quaesturam’, and later ‘iiiivir capitalis ex s.c. post quaesturam et decemviratum stlitium iudicandarum’—a case which shows that the inscription ILS 948 (L. Antistius Vetus) need not necessarily be turbato ordine (Groag, PIR ² A 775).

⁶ As is shown by the earlier inscriptions (ILS 968; Inscr. Rom. Tripolit., 516), ‘adlectio in senatum (ordine senatorio)’ was theoretically distinct from the assignation of a grade in the Senate, and as some inscriptions show (CIL XIII, 1802; ILS 1064), meant nothing more than the grant of the latus clavus, which did not by itself involve senatorial status, cf. also above, p. 76 ff.

⁷ Dio Cass. 54, 30, 2; 56, 27, 1; 60, 11, 8; Suet. Aug. 40, 1; cf. AE 1925, 85 (Iulius Romulus).

⁸ Mommsen, Staatsrecht, II³, 921, n. 1; PIR ² C 55, 1322, G 64, 102; PIR Q 23, S 346, V 71. In at least three cases it is clear that the offer of the quaestorship was made to men who had held important municipal or provincial positions. Examples in the Julio-Claudian period are rare.

⁹ ILS 981; Inscr. Ital., X, i, 67—where the editor is wrong in considering the omission of any mention of the latus clavus as exceptional; Inscr. lat. d'Afrique, 281; others held the quaestorship immediately after being praefecti cohortis—CIL V, 7153 (PIR ² C 647); VI, 1543 (PIR V 626). Of these five only the third and fourth mention adlection.

¹⁰ PIR R 181, V, 237, 377. The tituli of the first and third (CIL X, 1258, and ILS 937) make no mention of adlection, while in the case of the second (Velleius Paterculus) the evidence is literary. Cf. in ILS 2682, a young man described as ‘usum … summis (eq)u(es)tris ordinis honoribus et iam superiori destinatum ordini’. It is therefore unlikely that Dessau is right in regarding the third, Vibius Balbinus, who was also praefectus fabrum, as being of senatorial origin. For the other ‘senatorial’ praefectus fabrum (ILS 978, Iulius Montanus), see p. 194 and cf. Stein, Ritterstand, 63, n. 2.

Suetonius (Aug. 38) states that Augustus “liberis senatorum … non tribunatum modo legionum, sed et praefecturas alarum dedit’, but it is unlikely that the career of Balbinus can be regarded as an example of this any more than that of Velleius, who was not the son of a senator, or that of Rutilius Varus, who is of a later period (see also n. 14). A better example of this short-lived innovation of Augustus is ILS 912 (PIR ² A 1099), where command of an ala follows the vigintivirate in the place of the military tribunate (see Birley, Roman Britain and the Roman Army, 136).

¹¹ CIL XI, 3337 (PIR I, 244); XI, 5959 (PIR S 47); AE 1926, 150, and presumably ILS 4715, ‘in prefectura equitum lato clavo exornatus,’ while in Britain. Many others proceeded further before becoming quaestors.

¹² Birley, o.c. (n. 29), 139, 142, distinguishes two types of praefecti fabrum.

¹³ Birley, o.c., 135 ff., shows from inscriptions the possible variations of age in the different equestrian appointments.

¹⁴ CIL III, 335 (PIR L 216). There are examples of careers beginning even with the praefectura equitum; CIL XII, 3166 (PIR ² F 548), later adlected inter praetorios; ILS 2749 (?). Hence this feature alone is not sufficient reason to assign ILS 911 to the Augustan period (with Dessau, PIR N 165, who gives, however, the letters of the inscription as a second reason).

¹⁵ cf. ILS 913, 932, 972. If Palpellius Hister had held a curatio it would be clearer to which category ILS 946 is to be assigned. In either case he must be regarded as a possible example of Type B. ILS 1025 may be a later example of first offices reversed so as to keep the military decorations list alongside the tribunate, but this measure could have been avoided by the more elegant method of ILS 967.

¹⁶ No. 1, from Umbria (De Laet, 272); nos. 2 and 3, from Corduba (Groag, PIR ² D 89–90); no. 5, an equestrian (see below); no. 6, from Antium (Stech, 158); no. 7, from Arretium (De Laet, 270); no. 8 (De Laet, 267). Pflaum, Historia II, 448, proposes this type of beginning in the inscription relating to Iulius Romulus (AE 1925, 85). The alternative is to regard it as an illustration of Dio Cass. 60, 11, 8.

The fact that no. 6 was vivir before holding any other post cannot be regarded as indicating that he was the son of a senator, as is shown by the career of Romulus (Stein, Ritterstand, 63, n. 2). Cf. PIR ² A 333. F 305, T 191; ILS 1314.

¹⁷ PIR Incerti no. 34 (CIL XI, 1837, where this feature is an added indicium melioris aetatis) and CIL V, 36 (Inscr. Ital., 69) where the possibility of two careers must, however, also be considered.

¹⁸ Dio Cass. l.c. Hence the omission on inscriptions of the quaestorship need not always be an error of the stone-cutter. Cf. ILS 946; IGRR III, 180 (PIR ² C 303), is probably, but not certainly, such an error. The inscriptions are remarkably silent about his senatorial and consular antecedents.

¹⁹ Nos. 2, 6, and 7 (by adoption, but at an early age, since their deaths occurred c. 51 and 64 years after adoption); 10, 14, 16. Some of Group C, however, were probably also novi homines who, like Ovid, began with the vigintivirate—nos. 3, 4, 9, 15 (Stech, 156–7; De Laet, 274).

²⁰ In group A two held priesthoods, the same two as reached the consulship, one of them the exceptional novus homo, Rutilius Gallicus.

²¹ The corresponding figures, if we take only those careers which specify the quaestorial post held, are five-sevenths, five-tenths, and one-fifth (with one pro quaestore). In group A, there is only one reference specifying the particular post held—a symptom of the early period.

²² Hence the notable cases in the reign of Claudius of the two capitales, Coiedius Candidus (PIR ² C 1257), who became quaestor Claudii and then quaestor aerarii, and Domitius Decidius (PIR ² D 143) who, though also a newcomer, was selected by the same emperor to become quaestor of the Aerarium, probably along with the former. Cf. Dio Cass. 57, 16, 1.

²³ The use of ILS for illustration must be distinguished from its use in arriving at definite laws, as criticized by Birley, Roman Britain and the Roman Army, 155.

²⁴ Birley, Senators in the Emperors' Service, 204–5; Pflaum, Historia, II, 441–2, where he is concerned with C. Caesennius Paetus (ILS 1017)—a plebeian monetalis after the Julio-Claudian period and then provincial quaestor.

²⁵ One of the two is Coiedius Candidus, mentioned in n. 22.