Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T11:31:17.520Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender-Role Dimensions and Relationship Satisfaction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2017

Vivian P. Ta*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA
*
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE: Vivian P. Ta, Department of Psychology, Life Science Building, Room 313, 501 Nedderman Dr., Box 19528, Arlington, TX 76019, USA. Email: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Multilevel meta-analytic techniques were used to examine the overall relationship between self-reported gender-role dimensions (psychological femininity and psychological masculinity) and self-reported relationship satisfaction. Twenty-six studies (43 effect sizes) were included in the femininity-relationship satisfaction meta-analysis, and 26 studies (43 effect sizes) were included in the masculinity-relationship satisfaction meta-analysis. Femininity revealed a stronger association with relationship satisfaction than masculinity: there was a medium relationship (r = .28) between femininity and relationship satisfaction and a small relationship (r = .13) between masculinity and relationship satisfaction. Sex/gender was not a moderator in either meta-analysis. Publication biases were not detected. Implications and recommendations are discussed.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrahams, B., Feldman, S.S., & Nash, S.C. (1978). Sex role self-concept and sex role attitudes: Enduring personality characteristics or adaptations to changing life situations? Developmental Psychology, 14, 393400.Google Scholar
Adams, C.H., & Sherer, M. (1985). Sex-role orientation and psychological adjustment: Implications for the masculinity model. Sex Roles, 12, 12111218.Google Scholar
Addis, M.E., & Mahalik, J.R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58, 514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ames, M. & Kidd, A. (1979). Machiavellianism and women's grade point averages. Psychological Reports, 44, 223228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antill, J.K. (1983). Sex role complementarity versus similarity in married couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 145155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aube, J., & Koestner, R. (1995). Gender characteristics and relationship adjustment: Another look at similarity‐complementarity hypotheses. Journal of Personality, 63, 879904.Google Scholar
Aube, J., Norcliffe, H., Craig, J.A., & Koestner, R. (1995). Gender characteristics and adjustment-related outcomes: Questioning the masculinity model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 284295.Google Scholar
Ault, L.K., & Lee, A. (2016). Affective and interpersonal correlates of relationship satisfaction. Philosophy, 6, 115130.Google Scholar
Baucom, D.H., & Aiken, P.A. (1984). Sex role identity, marital satisfaction, and response to behavioral marital therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 438444.Google Scholar
Barnes, K.A. (2003). Examining predictors of marital satisfaction among age similar and age discrepant older couples (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). West Virginia University Libraries, WV.Google Scholar
Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 11731182.Google Scholar
Becker, B.J. (1996) The generalizability of empirical research results. In Benbow, C.P. & Lubinski, D. (Eds.), Intellectual talent: Psychological and social issues (pp. 363383). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Bem, S.L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155162.Google Scholar
Bem, S.L. (1975) Gender-role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 634643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bem, S.L. (1987). Gender schema theory and the romantic tradition. In Shaver, P. & Hendrick, C. (Eds.), Sex and gender: A review of personality and social psychology (pp. 251271). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Bem, S.L., Martyna, W., & Watson, C. (1976). Sex typing and androgyny: Further exploration of the expressive domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 10161023.Google Scholar
Bentler, P.M., & Newcomb, M.D. (1978). Longitudinal study of marital success and failure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 10531070.Google Scholar
Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Bodenmann, G. (1997). The influence of stress and coping on close relationships: A two-year longitudinal study. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 56, 156164.Google Scholar
Bolvardi, A., Damavandian, A., & Talebi, M. (2015). The relation between personality traits and marital satisfaction in couples who refer to Tehran's family judicial complexes. International Journal of Review in Life Sciences, 5, 12491255.Google Scholar
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H.R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Bradbury, T.N., Campbell, S.M., & Finchman, F.D. (1995). Longitudinal and behavioral analysis of masculinity and femininity in marriage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 328341.Google Scholar
Bradbury, T.N., & Finchman, F.D. (1988). Individual difference variables in close relationships: A contextual model of marriage as an integrative framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 713721.Google Scholar
Bradbury, T.N., Fincham, F.D., & Beach, S.R. (2000). Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62, 964980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, H.M., & Steuer, J. (1985). Age, sex-role categorization, and psychological health in American homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Journal of Social Psychology, 125, 203211.Google Scholar
Carson, R. (1969). Interaction concepts of personality. Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Charania, M.R. (2007). Personality influences on marital satisfaction: An examination of actor, partner, and interaction effects (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Texas at Arlington Libraries, TX.Google Scholar
Clark, C. (1990). Emotions and micropolitics in everyday life: Some patterns and paradoxes of ‘place.’ In Kemper, T.D. (Ed.), Research agendas in the sociology of emotions (pp. 305333). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Constantinople, A. (1973). Masculinity-femininity: An exception to a famous dictum? Psychological Bulletin, 80, 389407.Google Scholar
Cooper, K., Chassin, L., & Zeiss, A. (1985). The relation of gender-role self-concept and gender-role attitudes to the marital satisfaction and personal adjustment of dual-worker couples with preschool children. Sex Roles, 12, 227241.Google Scholar
Dekel, R., Vilchinsky, N., Liberman, G., Leibowitz, M., Khaskia, A., & Mosseri, M. (2014). Marital satisfaction and depression among couples following men's acute coronary syndrome: Testing dyadic dynamics in a longitudinal design. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 347362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, P.H. (1979). Psychological sex typing, dimensions of achievement motivation, and educational, career, and family plans of single, traditional-age, female college seniors (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.Google Scholar
Egger, M., Smith, G.D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315, 629634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fan, C.S., & Lui, H.K. (2004). Extramarital affairs, marital satisfaction, and divorce: Evidence from Hong Kong. Contemporary Economic Policy, 22, 442452.Google Scholar
Fernández, J., & Coelleo, M.T. (2010). Do the BSRI and PAQ really measure masculinity and femininity? The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 10001009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francis, L.J. (2005). Gender role orientation and attitude toward Christianity: A study among older men and women in the United Kingdom. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 33, 179186.Google Scholar
Frank, R.H. (1985). Choosing the right pond: Human behavior and the quest for status. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gaunt, R. (2006). Couple similarity and marital satisfaction: Are similar spouses happier? Journal of Personality, 74, 14011420.Google Scholar
Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R., & Fehr, E. (2003). Explaining altruistic behavior in humans. Evolution & Human Behavior, 24, 153172.Google Scholar
Gonzaga, G.C., Keltner, D., Londahl, E.A., & Smith, M.D. (2001). Love and the commitment problem in romantic relations and friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 247262.Google Scholar
Gottman, J.M., & Krokoff, L.J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 4752.Google Scholar
Grijalva, E., & Zhang, L. (2016). Narcissism and self-insight: A review and meta-analysis of narcissists’ self-enhancement tendencies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 324.Google Scholar
Hackett, G. (1985). Role of mathematics self-efficacy in the choice of math-related majors of college women and men: A path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 4756.Google Scholar
Hedges, L.V. (1992) Meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 17, 279296.Google Scholar
Helgeson, V.S. (1994). Relation of agency and communion to well-being: Evidence and potential explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 412428.Google Scholar
Helmreich, R.L., Spence, J.T., & Wilhelm, J.A. (1981). A psychometric analysis of the personal attributes questionnaire. Sex Roles, 7, 10971108.Google Scholar
Hendrick, S.S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 9398.Google Scholar
Hendrick, S.S., Dicke, A., & Hendrick, C. (1998). The relationship assessment scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 137142.Google Scholar
Hinde, R.A. (1997). Relationships: A dialectical perspective. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Hinnekens, C., Vanhee, G., De Schryver, M., Ickes, W., & Verhofstadt, L.L. (2016). Empathic accuracy and observed demand behavior in couples. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1370.Google Scholar
Horowitz, L.M., Wilson, K.R., Turan, B., Zolotsev, P., Constantino, M.J., & Henderson, L. (2006). How interpersonal motives clarify the meaning of interpersonal behavior: A revised circumplex model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 6786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hox, J.J., Moerbeek, M., & van de Schoot, R. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hunter, J.E., & Schmidt, F.L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Janicki, D.L., Kamarck, T.W., Shiffman, S., & Gwaltney, C.J. (2006). Application of ecological momentary assessment to the study of marital adjustment and social interactions during daily life. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 168172.Google Scholar
Jiang, X., Wang, O., & Wang, M. (2010). Relationship between college students’ gender, gender-role identity, and occupation-sex stereotype. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 366368.Google Scholar
Juni, S., & Grimm, D.W. (1993). Marital satisfaction and sex-roles in a New York metropolitan sample. Psychological Reports, 73, 307314.Google Scholar
Kenney, S. (1982). Sex role orientation: Its possible impact on the marital satisfaction of dual career couples (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of British Columbia, BC, Canada.Google Scholar
Kenny, D.A., Kashy, D.A., & Cook, W.L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Kiesler, D.J. (1983). The 1982 interpersonal circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions. Psychological Review, 90, 185214.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, S.D., Bissonnette, V.L., & Rusbult, C.E. (2002). Empathic accuracy and accommodative behavior among newly married couples. Personal Relationships, 9, 369393.Google Scholar
Kurdek, L.A. (1989). Relationship quality for newly married husbands and wives: Marital history, stepchildren, and individual-difference predictors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 10531064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurdek, L.A., & Schmitt, J.P. (1986). Interaction of sex role self-concept and relationship beliefs in married, heterosexual cohabiting, and gay and lesbian couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 365370.Google Scholar
Janicki, D.L., Kamarck, T.W., Shiffman, S., & Gwaltney, C.J. (2006). Application of ecological momentary assessment to the study of marital adjustment and social interactions during daily life. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 168172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamke, L.K., Sollie, D.L., Durbin, R.G., & Fitzpatrick, J.A. (1994). Masculinity, femininity and relationship satisfaction: The mediating role of interpersonal competence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 535554.Google Scholar
Langis, J., Mathieu, M., & Sabourin, S. (1991). Roles sexuels et adaptation conjugate [Sex roles and marital satisfaction]. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 23, 6675.Google Scholar
Langis, J., Sabourin, S., Lussier, Y., & Mathieu, M. (1994). Masculinity, femininity, and marital satisfaction: An examination of theoretical models. Journal of Personality, 62, 393414.Google Scholar
Lawrence, E., & Bradbury, T.N. (2007). Trajectories of change in physical aggression and marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 236.Google Scholar
Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York, NY: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
Lee, E.J., & Schumann, D.W. (2009). Proposing and testing the contextual gender influence theory: An examination of gender influence types on trust of computer agents. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 440450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenz, E.R., Soeken, K.L., Rankin, E.A., & Fischman, S.H. (1985). Sex-role attributes, gender, and postpartal perceptions of the marital relationship. Advances in Nursing Science, 7, 4962.Google Scholar
Levant, R.F., Stefanov, D.G., Rankin, T.J., Halter, M.J., Mellinger, C., & Williams, C.M. (2013). Moderated path analysis of the relationships between masculinity and men's attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 392406.Google Scholar
Lin, Y.H. W., & Rusbult, C.E. (1995). Commitment to dating relationships and cross-sex friendships in America and China. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12, 726.Google Scholar
Locke, H.J., & Wallace, K.M. (1959). Short marital-adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251255.Google Scholar
Miller, R.B., Mason, T.M., Canlas, J.M., Wang, D., Nelson, D.A., & Hart, C.H. (2013). Marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms in China. Journal of Family Psychology, 27, 677682.Google Scholar
Murstein, B.I., & Williams, P.D. (1983). Sex roles and marriage adjustment. Small Group Behavior, 14, 7794.Google Scholar
Ngo, H.Y., Foley, S., Ji, M.S., & Loi, R. (2014). Linking gender role orientation to subjective career success: The mediating role of psychological capital. Journal of Career Assessment, 22, 290303.Google Scholar
Norvilitis, J.M., & Reid, H.M. (2002). Evidence for an association between gender-role identity and a measure of executive function. Psychological Reports, 90, 3545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donohue, W., & Crouch, J.L. (1996). Marital therapy and gender-linked factors in communication. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 22, 87101.Google Scholar
Peterson, C.D., Baucom, D.H., Elliott, M.J., & Farr, P.A. (1989). The relationship between sex role identity and marital adjustment. Sex Roles, 21, 775787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podsakoff, N.P., Whiting, S.W., Welsh, D.T., & Mai, K. (2013). Surveying for ‘artifacts’: The susceptibility of the OCB-performance evaluation relationship to common rater, item, and measurement context effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 863874.Google Scholar
Prezza, M., Di Iullo, M.G., Ghirelli, G., Francescato, D., & Contesini, A. (1988). Marital satisfaction: Influence of the family model and other variables. Italian Journal of Psychology, 15, 447469.Google Scholar
Reynolds, G., Fisher, D., Dyo, M., & Huckabay, L. (2016). Using the Bem and Klein Grid scores to predict health services usage by men. Behavioral Medicine, 42, 143149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roach, A.J., Frazier, L.P., & Bowden, S.R. (1981). The marital satisfaction scale: Development of a measure for intervention research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 43, 537546.Google Scholar
Rochlen, A., McKelley, R., Suizzo, M., & Scringi, V. (2008). Predictors of relationship satisfaction, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction among stay-at-home fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 9, 1728.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D.A., Hoyt, W.T., Ferrin, J.M., Miller, S., & Cohen, N.D. (2006). Advanced methods in meta-analytic research: Applications and implications for rehabilitation counseling research. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 49, 234246.Google Scholar
Rusbult, C.E., Verette, J., Whitney, G.A., Slovik, L.F., & Lipkus, I. (1991). Accommodation processes in close relationships: Theory and preliminary empirical evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 5378.Google Scholar
Rusbult, C.E., Zembrodt, I.M., & Iwaniszek, J. (1986). The impact of gender and sex-role orientation on responses to dissatisfaction in close relationships. Sex Roles, 15, 120.Google Scholar
Ruvolo, A.P. (1998). Marital well-being and general happiness of newlywed couples: Relationships across time. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 470489.Google Scholar
Sadler, P., Ethier, N., & Woody, E. (2011). Interpersonal complementarity. In Horowitz, L.M. & Strack, S.N. (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp. 123142). New York, NY: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Salisbury, K.M. (2003). Predictors of relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and sexual frequency in female couples (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA.Google Scholar
Sanderson, S., & Thompson, V.L.S. (2002). Factors associated with perceived paternal involvement in childrearing. Sex Roles, 46, 99111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shea, M., Wong, Y.J., Nguyen, K.K., & Baghdasarian, S. (2017). College women's subjective femininity stress, gender solidarity, and psychological help-seeking intentions. The Counseling Psychologist, 45, 438461.Google Scholar
Shifren, K., & Bauserman, R. (1996). The relationship between instrumental and expressive traits, health behaviors, and perceived physical health. Sex Roles, 34, 841864.Google Scholar
Siavelis, R.L., & Lamke, L.K. (1992). Instrumentalness and expressiveness: Predictors of heterosexual relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 26, 149159.Google Scholar
Smith, T.W., Traupman, E.K., Uchino, B.N., & Berg, C.A. (2010). Interpersonal circumplex descriptions of psychosocial risk factors for physical illness: Application to hostility, neuroticism, and marital adjustment. Journal of Personality, 78, 10111036.Google Scholar
Smith, D.A., Vivian, D., & O'Leary, K.D. (1990). Longitudinal prediction of marital discord from premarital expressions of affect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 790798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, D.K. (1997). Marital Satisfaction Inventory — Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Associates.Google Scholar
Soyer, A. (2006). An exploration of masculinity, femininity, sexual fantasy, and masturbation as predictors of marital satisfaction (Unpublished master's thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.Google Scholar
Spanier, G.B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, J.T. (1991). Do the BSRI and PAQ measure the same or different concepts? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 141165.Google Scholar
Spence, J.T. (1993). Gender-related traits and gender ideology: Evidence for a multifactorial theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 624635.Google Scholar
Spence, J.T., & Helmreich, R.L. (1979). On assessing ‘androgyny’. Sex Roles, 5, 721738.Google Scholar
Spence, J.T., & Helmreich, R.L. (1980). Masculine instrumentality and feminine expressiveness: Their relationships with sex role attitudes and behaviors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 147163.Google Scholar
Spence, J.T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1974) The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 4344.Google Scholar
Spence, J.T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975) Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 2939.Google Scholar
Sprecher, S., & Cate, R.M. (2004). Sexual satisfaction and sexual expression as predictors of relationship satisfaction and stability. In Harvey, J.H., Wenzel, A., & Sprecher, S. (Eds.), The handbook of sexuality in close relationships (pp. 235256). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Stephen, T.D., & Harrison, T.M. (1985). Gender, gender-role identity, and communication style: A Q-sort analysis of behavioral differences. Communication Research Reports, 2, 5362.Google Scholar
Steiner-Pappalardo, N.L., & Gurung, R.A. (2002). The femininity effect: relationship quality, sex, gender, attachment, and significant–other concepts. Personal Relationships, 9, 313325.Google Scholar
Thomas, D.A., & Reznikoff, M. (1984). Sex role orientation, personality structure, and adjustment in women. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 2836.Google Scholar
Trivers, R.L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 3557.Google Scholar
Tsirigotis, K. (2017). Transgression and gender. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88, 397410.Google Scholar
Tsirigotis, K., Gruszczyński, W., & Tsirigotis-Maniecka, M. (2014). Gender differentiation in indirect self-destructiveness and suicide attempt methods (gender, indirect self-destructiveness, and suicide attempts). Psychiatric Quarterly, 85, 197209.Google Scholar
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M., Sykes, T., & Ackerman, P. (2004). Individual reactions to new technologies in the workplace: The role of gender as a psychological construct. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 445467.Google Scholar
Wheeler, L.A., Updegraff, K.A., & Thayer, S.M. (2010). Conflict resolution in Mexican origin couples: Culture, gender, and marital quality. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 9911005.Google Scholar
Wiggins, J.S. (1991). Agency and communion as conceptual coordinates for the understanding and measurement of interpersonal behavior. In Grove, W. & Cicchetti, D. (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology: Essays in honor of Paul E. Meehl: Vol. 2, Personality and psychopathology (pp. 89113). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Wood, C.A., Helms, H.M., Supple, A.J., & Perlman, D. (2015). Gender-typed attributes and marital satisfaction among Mexican immigrant couples: A latent profile approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 321330.Google Scholar
Yousaf, O., Popat, A., & Hunter, M.S. (2015). An investigation of masculinity attitudes, gender, and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16, 234237.Google Scholar
Zammichieli, M.E., Gilroy, F D., & Sherman, M.F. (1988). Relation between gender-role orientation and marital satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 747754.Google Scholar
Zeldow, P.B., Clark, D., & Daugherty, S.R. (1985). Masculinity, femininity, Type A behavior, and psychosocial adjustment in medical students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 481492.Google Scholar