Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T15:42:28.297Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Maintaining competence: a holistic view of continuous professional development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2007

Amanda Bolderston*
Affiliation:
Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario and Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
*
Correspondence to: Amanda Bolderston, 44 Firstbrooke Road, Toronto, Ontario M4E 2L1, Canada. E-mail: amanda.bolderston@@rmp.uhn.on.ca

Abstract

Continuous professional development (CPD) is regarded as an essential component of working life for radiation therapists and is increasingly being used by professional associations to ’prove’ the competence of their members. In the past, CPD activities have primarily been viewed as an individual responsibility, and have focused on maintaining a professional knowledge base and, subsequently, hands-on competency through didactic learning. However, there are drawbacks associated with this model; and concentrating on only one facet of learning ignores other theoretical areas of knowledge acquisition. This article explores several areas of social and organisational theories of learning including social networks, communities of practice, learning organisations, knowledge management, knowledge translation and research utilisation. It is concluded that maintenance of competence after graduation is multilayered and should be viewed in a holistic manner to incorporate some of the relevant elements of the concepts discussed. This article also offers some suggestions for the individual wanting to maximise their educational opportunities beyond traditional models of CPD.

Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Cooke, K.CPD and portfolio: the process and the product. J Radiother Pract 1999; 1 (2):5764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, D, Evans, M, Jadad, A, et al. . The case of knowledge translation: shortening the journey from evidence to effect. Br Med J 2003: 327:3335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rathe, R. Information Technology Medical Education and Quality of Care. Pisacano Leadership Skills Development Symposium Scottsdale, AZ—April 3, 2004. [Cited Feb 22, 2007]. Available from: http://medinfo.ufl.edu/omi/docs/pisacano04.Google Scholar
Kerka, S. The learning organisation: myths and realities. Eric Clearinghouse. 1995. [Cited May 21, 2005] Available from: www.cete.org/acve/docgen.asp?tbl=archive&ID=A028.Google Scholar
Henwood, S.What is effective CPD and how do I evaluate it? Synergy 2000; Aug:69.Google Scholar
Winfrey, EC. Kirkpatrick’s four levels of evaluation. In: Hoffman, B (ed), Encyclopedia of Educational Technology 1999. [Cited Mar 3, 2007]. Available from: http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/articles/k4levels/start.htm.Google Scholar
Haynes, R, Davis, D, McGibbon, A, Tugwell, P. A Critical appraisal of the efficacy of CME. J Am Med Assoc 1984; 251:6164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, D, Thomson, M, Oxman, A, Haynes, R.Evidence for the effectiveness of CME: A review of 50 randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc 1992; 268:11111117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, D, O’Brien, MA, Freemantle, N, Wolf, FM, Mazmanian, P, Taylor-Vaisey, A.Impact of formal continuing medical education: Do conferences, workshops, rounds and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behaviour or health outcomes? J Am Med Assoc 1999; 282 (9):867874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagné, RM. The Conditions of Learning. 3rd edition. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977.Google Scholar
Knowles, MS. Self-directed learning: a guide for learners and teachers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1975.Google Scholar
Cranton, P.Planning instruction for adult learners. Ontario: Wall and Emerson, Inc, 1989.Google Scholar
Stevenson, A, Higgs, R, Sugarman, J.Teaching professional development in medical schools. Lancet 2001; 357 (9259):867870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bero, LA, Grilli, R, Grimshaw, JM, Harvey, E, Oxman, AD, Thomson, MA.Closing the gap between research and practice: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. The Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Review Group. Br Med J 1998; 317:465468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeiger, RF.Toward continuous medical education. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20 (1):9194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloom, BS.Effects of continuing medical education on improving physician clinical care and patient health: a review of systematic reviews. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2005; 21 (3):380385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakespeare, TP, Mukherjee, RK, Lu, JJ, Lee, KM, Back, MF.Evaluation of an audit with feedback continuing medical education program for radiation oncologists. J Cancer Educ 2005; 20 (4):216221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolb, D.Learning style inventory. Boston: Hay/McBer 1999.Google Scholar
Mathers, NJ, Challis, MC, Howe, AC, Field, NJ.Portfolios in continuing medical education—effective and efficient? Med Educ 1999; 33 (7):521530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pike, R. A formative evaluation: the quality assurance program of the college of medical radiation technologists of Ontario. Toronto, CMRTO 1999.Google Scholar
College of Medical Radiation Technologists of Ontario. Important points about the QA program. [Cited Feb 22, 2007]. Available from: www.cmrto.org/quality/default.aspGoogle Scholar
Saylor, CR. Reflection and professional education: art, science and competency. Nurse Educ 1990; 15:811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawe, P, Webster, C, Shiell, A.A glossary of terms for navigating the field of social network analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 58:971975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, JS, Katz, E, Menzel, H.The diffusion of an innovation among physicians. Sociometry 1957; 20:253270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, J. Social capital and lifelong learning. The encyclopedia of informal education [online] 2005. [Cited May 1, 2006]. Available from: www.infed.org/lifelonglearning/social_capital_and_lifelong_learning.htm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lave, J, Wenger, E.Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Confessore, SJ.Building a learning organisation: communities of practice, self-directed learning and continuing medical education. J Contin Med Educ Health Prof 1997; 17:511.Google Scholar
Ferlie, E, Fitzgerald, L, Wood, M, Hawkins, C.The nonspread of innovations: the mediating role of professionals. Acad Manage J 2005; 48:117134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, G.A beam’s eye view: examining the impact of change on a medical practice. [EdD thesis]. Toronto (ON): Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto 2005.Google Scholar
Cyert, RM, March, JG.A behavioural theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.Google Scholar
Easterby-Smith, M, Lyles, M. Organisational Learning and Knowledge Management. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.Google Scholar
Garvin, DA. Building a learning organisation. Harv Bus Rev 1993; 71:7891.Google Scholar
Senge, PM. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation. 2nd edition. New York: Doubleday, 1993.Google Scholar
Grol, R, Wensing, M.What drives change? Barriers to and incentives for achieving evidence-based practice. Med J Aust 2004; 180 (6 Suppl):5760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolderston, A, Lloyd, NS, Wong, RKS, Holden, L, Robb-Blenderman, L., the Supportive Care Guidelines Group of Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence-based Care. The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. Support Care Cancer 2006; 14:802817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knowledge Translation Program. Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto [online]. Available from: www.ktp.utoronto.ca [Accessed January 12, 2006]Google Scholar
Estabrooks, CA, Floyd, JA, Scott-Findlay, S, O’Leary, KA, Gushta, M. Individual determinants of research utilization: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2003; 43 (5): 506520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merriam-Webster dictionary (online). [Cited Mar 7]. Available from: www.merriam-webster.com.Google Scholar
Queeney, DS and English, JK. Mandatory Continuing Education: A Status Report. Columbus, Ohio: Centre on Education and Training for Employment, Ohio State University 1994.Google Scholar
Nelson, JW.Design and Delivery of Programs under Mandatory Continuing Professional Education. Stud Contin Educ 1988; 10 (2):81103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar