Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T17:18:42.586Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Good Blood, Bad Blood, and the Market: The Gift Relationship Revisited*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Iain McLean
Affiliation:
Politics, University College, Oxford
Jo Poulton
Affiliation:
Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University

Abstract

The Gift Relationship (Titmuss, 1970) argued that the UK system of voluntary blood donation was economically, medically, and morally superior to the American system, in which many blood suppliers are paid. The argument was badly put and fiercely attacked, but substantially correct. Developments since Titmuss wrote, especially AIDS, have tragically reinforced his main point: more than half of the severe haemophiliacs in the UK have been infected with the AIDS virus, almost certainly through imported blood products. Titmuss's normative argument is reconstructed, and defended against neoclassical economists who have been his fiercest critics. Finally, policy implications are briefly discussed.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

AIDS Group of the UK Haemophilia Centre Directors (1986) ‘Prevalence of antibody to HTLV-III in haemophiliacs in the United Kingdom’, BMJ, 293, pp. 175176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, K. J. (1972) ‘Gifts and Exchanges’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1, pp. 243362.Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. and Hamilton, W. D. (1981) ‘The evolution of cooperation’, Science, 211, pp. 13901396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheinsong-Popov, R., Tedder, R. S., O'Connor, T., Clayden, S., Smith, A., Craske, J. and Weiss, R. (1986) ‘Retrovirus infections among patients treated in Britain with various clotting factors’, BMJ, 293, pp. 168169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connor, S. (1986) ‘Blood treatment may not kill AIDS virus’, New Scientist, 20 02, pp. 1314.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. H. and Culyer, A.J. (1968) The Price of Blood. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. H. and Culyer, A.J. (1973) ‘The Economics of Giving and Selling Blood’ in IEA 1973, pp. 109144.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. H. (1973) ‘Quids without Quos: a praxeological approach’ in IEA (1973) pp. 3362.Google Scholar
Franklin, M. A. (1972) ‘Tort liability for hepatitis: an analysis and a proposal’, Stanford Law Review, 24, pp. 439480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsmith, M. F. (1984) ‘Medical News’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 251, p. 178.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, M. F. (1984) ‘Medical News’, Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, p. 180.Google Scholar
Hagen, P. J. (1982) Blood: gift or merchandise? New York: A. R. Liss Inc.Google Scholar
Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) (1973) The Economics of Charity. London: IEA.Google Scholar
Ireland, T. R. and Koch, J. V. (1973) ‘Blood and American Social Attitudes’ in IEA (1973) pp. 145156.Google Scholar
James, V. and Nuttall, P. (1984) ‘Reduction in numbers of HBsAG positive blood donors’, BMJ, 289, p. 1424.Google Scholar
Jennings, J. B. (1966) An Introduction to Blood Banking Systems. Cambridge, Mass: Operations Research Center, MIT.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. B. (1973) ‘The US Market in Blood’ in IEA (1973), pp. 157167.Google Scholar
Jones, P. M. (1980) ‘Factor VIII supply and demand’, BMJ, 280, 15311532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeton, W. P., Dobbs, D. B., Keeton, R. E. and Owen, D. G. (1984) Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts, 5th edn. St Paul, Minn: West Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Lundfield, R. (1979) ‘A quick look at the joint venture’, Plasma Quarterly, 02.Google Scholar
McLean, I. (1987) Public Choice: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
National Blood Transfusion Service (NBTS) (1984) Blood Component Therapy. London: Central Office of Information for DHSS.Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Oswalt, R. M. (1977) ‘A Review of Blood Donor Motivation and Recruitment’, Transfusion, 17, pp. 123135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Public Health Laboratory Service (1986) Annual Review of Communicable Diseases 1983. London: PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre and OPCS.Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1973) ‘Altruism and Commerce: a defense of Titmuss against Arrow’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 2, pp. 312320.Google ScholarPubMed
Taylor, M. (1982) Community, Anarchy and Liberty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Titmuss, R. M. (1970) The Gift Relationship. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1971) ‘The evolution of reciprocal altruism’, Quarterly Journal of Biology, 46, pp. 3557.Google Scholar
Veitch, A. (1986a) ‘Addicts may get free syringes under Aids plan’, Guardian, 12 02.Google Scholar
Veitch, A. (1986b) ‘2000 haemophiliacs face new risk of Aids virus’, Guardian, 13 02.Google Scholar
Veitch, A. (1986c) ‘Aids threat remains in “safe” Factor 8’, Guardian, 7 04.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, G. S. (1984) ‘Reciprocal food sharing in the vampire bat’, Nature, 308, pp. 181–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar