Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:49:08.146Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Competition in local land use planning?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2016

Jan Berli
Jan Berli*
Affiliation:
Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape (WSL), Economics and Social Sciences, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The extent of political fragmentation of metropolitan areas impedes effective land use planning in many countries, and thus contributes to the phenomenon of urban sprawl. For some metropolises in the United States and Europe, strategic interaction between local policymakers codetermines the implementation of local planning policies. However, previous empirical analyses of this phenomenon have usually assumed interdependence in planning decisions to be confined to neighbouring jurisdictions. This is a common simplification in research on diffusion in public policies. Proceeding on the assumption that municipal zoning decisions are subject to competition between municipal authorities trying to attract new residents, I suggest an alternative conceptualisation of location-choice competition in Tiebout-like economies: the correlations of out-commuting patterns serve as a proxy for the degree to which municipalities are competitors for mobile residents, irrespective of their contiguity. Spatial autoregressive models, estimated on the basis of a large panel of fine-grained zoning data, reveal that zoning decisions in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland’s most dynamic metropolitan area, are indeed subject to such interdependence.

Keywords

competitionland use planninglocal politicspolicy diffusionurban sprawl
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Public Policy , Volume 38 , Issue 1 , March 2018 , pp. 27 - 56
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anselin, L. (1988) Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Vol. 4 of Studies in Operational Regional Science Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.Google Scholar
ARE (2015) Bauzonennutzung [Building Zones Statistics]. Cantonal Office for Spatial Development Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, http://www.are.zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/are/de/raumplanung/raumbeobachtung/gemeinde_statistiken.html#title-content-internet-baudirektion-are-de-raumplanung-raumbeobachtung-gemeinde_statistiken-jcr-content-contentPar-downloadlist (accessed 10 August 2016).Google Scholar
ARE Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung (2005) Raumentwicklungsbericht 2005. Bern: Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation.Google Scholar
Bailey, M. A. and Rom, M. C. (2004) A Wider Race? Interstate Competition Across Health and Welfare Programs. Journal of Politics 66(2): 326–347.Google Scholar
Basinger, S. J. and Hallerberg, M. (2004) Remodeling the Competition for Capital: How Domestic Politics Erases the Race to the Bottom. American Political Science Review 98(2): 261–276.Google Scholar
Beck, N., Gleditsch, K. S. and Beardsley, K. (2006) Space is More than Geography: Using Spatial Econometrics in the Study of Political Economy. International Studies Quarterly 50(1): 27–44.Google Scholar
Berry, F. S. and Berry, W. D. (2014) Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research. In Sabatier P. A. and Weible, C. M. (eds.), Theories of the Policy Process, 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 307–362.Google Scholar
Bertschi, M. (2001) Die Umsetzung von Art. 15 lit. b RPG über die Dimensionierung der Bauzonen: Bundesrecht, föderalistische Realität und ihre Wechselwirkungen. Vol. 144 of Zürcher Studien zum öffentlichen Recht. Zürich: Schulthess.Google Scholar
Braun, D. and Gilardi, F. (2006) Taking “Galton’s Problem” Seriously: Towards a Theory of Policy Diffusion. Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(3): 298–322.Google Scholar
Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1979) A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity Random Coefficient Variation. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 47(5): 1287–1294.Google Scholar
Brueckner, J. K. (1990) Growth Controls and Land Values in an Open City. Land Economics 66(3): 237–248.Google Scholar
Brueckner, J. K. (1995) Strategic Control of Growth in a System of Cities. Journal of Public Economics 57(3): 393–416.Google Scholar
Brueckner, J. K. (1998) Testing for Strategic Interaction Among Local Governments: The Case of Growth Controls. Journal of Urban Economics 44(3): 438–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brueckner, J. K. (2000) Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies. International Regional Science Review 23(2): 160–171.Google Scholar
Brueckner, J. K. (2003) Strategic Interaction Among Governments: An Overview of Empirical Studies. International Regional Science Review 26(2): 175–188.Google Scholar
Burt, R. S. (1987) Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion Versus Structural Equivalence. American Journal of Sociology 92(6): 1287–1335.Google Scholar
Byun, P. and Esparza, A. X. (2005) A Revisionist Model of Suburbanization and Sprawl. Journal of Planning Education and Research 24(3): 252–264.Google Scholar
Byun, P., Waldorf, B. S. and Esparza, A. X. (2005) Spillovers and Local Growth Controls: An Alternative Perspective on Suburbanization. Growth and Change 36(2): 196–219.Google Scholar
Calabrese, S., Epple, D. and Romano, R. (2007) On the Political Economy of Zoning. Journal of Public Economics 91(1-2): 25–49.Google Scholar
Cao, X. (2010) Networks as Channels of Policy Diffusion: Explaining Worldwide Changes in Capital Taxation, 1998–2006. International Studies Quarterly 54(3): 823–854.Google Scholar
Carruthers, J. I. and Ulfarsson, G. F. (2002) Fragmentation and Sprawl: Evidence from Interregional Analysis. Growth and Change 33(3): 312–340.Google Scholar
Christafore, D. and Leguizamon, S. (2015) Spatial Spillovers of Land Use Regulation in the United States. Housing Studies 30(3): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clingermayer, J. (1993) Distributive Politics, Ward Representation, and the Spread of Zoning. Public Choice 77(4): 725–738.Google Scholar
Ellickson, R. C. (1977) Suburban Growth Controls: An Economic and Legal Analysis. Yale Law Journal 86(3): 385–511.Google Scholar
Engle, R., Navarro, P. and Carson, R. (1992) On the Theory of Growth Controls. Journal of Urban Economics 32(3): 269–283.Google Scholar
Epple, D. and Sieg, H. (1999) Estimating Equilibrium Models of Local Jurisdictions. Journal of Political Economy 107(4): 645–681.Google Scholar
Fernandez, R. and Rogerson, R. (1997) Keeping People Out: Income Distribution, Zoning, and the Quality of Public Education. International Economic Review 38(1): 23–42.Google Scholar
European Environment Agency EEA (2006) Urban sprawl in Europe: The ignored challenge, 10/2006. http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2006_10/eea_report_10_2006.pdf (accessed 10 August 2016).Google Scholar
Fischel, W. A. (1987) The Economics of Zoning Laws: A Property Rights Approach to American Land Use Controls. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Fischel, W. A. (2001) The Homevoter Hypothesis: How Home Values Influence Local Government Taxation, School Finance, and Land-Use Policies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Florax, R. J., Folmer, H. and Rey, S. J. (2003) Specification Searches in Spatial Econometrics: The Relevance of Hendry’s Methodology. Regional Science and Urban Economics 33(5): 557–579.Google Scholar
Flury, C., Zgraggen, K., Giuliani, G. and Gotsch, N. (2005) Flächen- und Landnutzung in der Schweiz – eine ökonomische Betrachtung. Festschrift zu Ehren von Professor Peter Rieder. Zürich: Schweizerische Ges. für Agrarwirtschaft und Agrarsoziologie, 65–82. http://www.assh.ch/dms/agrarwirtschaft/Internetseite/Yearbook/Ausgaben/Festschrift-Rieder/Forschung-im-Blickfeld-agrarpolitische-Entscheide/fsr12_flury_v2_neu/Christian%20Flury.pdf (accessed 10 August 2016).Google Scholar
Franzese, R. J. and Hays, J. C. (2007) Spatial Econometric Models of Cross-Sectional Interdependence in Political Science Panel and Time-Series-Cross-Section Data. Political Analysis 15(2): 140–164.Google Scholar
Franzese, R. J. and Hays, J. C. (2008) Empirical Models of Spatial Interdependence. In Box-Steffensmeier J. M., Brady H. E. and Collier D. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 570–605.Google Scholar
Gerber, E. R. and Phillips, J. H. (2004) Direct Democracy and Land Use Policy: Exchanging Public Goods for Development Rights. Urban Studies 41(2): 463–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilardi, F. (2016) Four Ways we Can Improve Policy Diffusion Research. State Politics & Policy Quarterly 16(1): 8–21.Google Scholar
Graham, E. R., Shipan, C. R. and Volden, C. (2013) The Diffusion of Policy Diffusion Research in Political Science. British Journal of Political Science 43(3): 673–701.Google Scholar
Halleux, J.-M., Marcinczak, S. and van der Krabben, E. (2012) The Adaptive Efficiency of Land Use Planning Measured by the Control of Urban Sprawl. The Cases of the Netherlands, Belgium and Poland. Land Use Policy 29(4): 887–898.Google Scholar
Hardman, A. and Ioannides, Y. M. (2004) Neighbors’ Income Distribution: Economic Segregation and Mixing in US Urban Neighborhoods. Journal of Housing Economics 13(4): 368–382.Google Scholar
Helsley, R. W. and Strange, W. C. (1994) City Formation With Commitment. Regional Science and Urban Economics 24(3): 373–390.Google Scholar
Henisz, W. J., Zelner, B. A. and Guillén, M. F. (2005) The Worldwide Diffusion of Market-Oriented Infrastructure Reform, 1977–1999. American Sociological Review 70(6): 871–897.Google Scholar
Hersperger, A. M., Franscini, M.-P. G. and Kübler, D. (2014) Actors, Decisions and Policy Changes in Local Urbanization. European Planning Studies 22(6): 1301–1319.Google Scholar
Hilber, C. A. and Robert-Nicoud, F. (2013) On the Origins of Land Use Regulations: Theory and Evidence From US Metro Areas. Journal of Urban Economics 75: 29–43.Google Scholar
Hinds, D. S. and Ordway, N. (1986) The Influence of Race on Rezoning Decisions: Equality of Treatment in Black and White Census Tracts, 1955–1980. The Review of Black Political Economy 14(4): 51–63.Google Scholar
Ingram, P., Robinson, J. and Busch, M. L. (2005) The Intergovernmental Network of World Trade: IGO Connectedness, Governance, and Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 111(3): 824–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koll-Schretzenmayr, M. (2008) Gelungen – misslungen?: Die Geschichte der Raumplanung Schweiz. NSL Netzwerk Stadt und Landschaft . Translated by Rudolf Schilling Zürich: Verl. Neue Zürcher Zeitung.Google Scholar
LeSage, J. P. and Pace, R. K. (2009) Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Vol. 196 of Statistics, Textbooks and Monographs Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Logan, J. R. and Molotch, H. L. (1987) Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lopez, R. and Hynes, H. P. (2003) Sprawl in the 1990s Measurement, Distribution, and Trends. Urban Affairs Review 38(3): 325–355.Google Scholar
Lubell, M., Feiock, R. C. and Ramirez, de la Cruz E. E. (2009) Local Institutions and the Politics of Urban Growth. American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 649–665.Google Scholar
Maggetti, M. and Gilardi, F. (2015) Problems (and Solutions) in the Measurement of Policy Diffusion Mechanisms. Journal of Public Policy 1: 1–21.Google Scholar
Maggetti, M., Gilardi, F. and Radaelli, C. M. (2013) Designing Research in the Social Sciences. Los Angeles, CA and London: SAGE Publications Inc.Google Scholar
Mann, S. (2009) Institutional Causes of Urban and Rural Sprawl in Switzerland. Land Use Policy 26(4): 919–924.Google Scholar
Muggli, R. and Auer, A. (2014) Ist der Föderalismus an der Zersiedelung schuld? Raumplanerische Entscheidungsprozesse im Spannungsfeld von Demokratie, Föderalismus und Rechtsstaat : Pilotstudie. NZZ Libro . Zürich: Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung.Google Scholar
Millo, G. and Piras, G. (2012) splm: Spatial Panel Data Models in R. Journal of Statistical Software 47(1): 1–38.Google Scholar
Müller-Jentsch, D. and Rühli, L. (2010) Raumplanung zwischen Vorgabe und Vollzug: Inventar der kantonalen Instrumente zur Siedlungssteuerung. Kantonsmonitoring. http://www.avenir-suisse.ch/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/90419_kantonsmonitoring_gesamt.pdf (accessed 10 August 2016).Google Scholar
Nechyba, T. J. and Walsh, R. P. (2004) Urban Sprawl. Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(4): 177–200.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E. and Plümper, T. (2012) Conditional Spatial Policy Dependence: Theory and Model Specification. Comparative Political Studies 45(7): 819–849.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E. and Plümper, T. (2015) “W.” Political Science Research and Methods 4(1): 1–19. Available at CJO2015, https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2014.40 Google Scholar
Plümper, T. and Neumayer, E. (2010) Model Specification in the Analysis of Spatial Dependence. European Journal of Political Research 49(3): 418–442.Google Scholar
Richer, J. (1995) Explaining the Vote for Slow Growth. Public Choice 82(3/4): 207–223.Google Scholar
Rincke, J. (2010) A Commuting-Based Refinement of the Contiguity Matrix for Spatial Models, and an Application to Local Police Expenditures. Regional Science and Urban Economics 40(5): 324–330.Google Scholar
Schaltegger, C. A., Somogyi, F. and Sturm, J.-E. (2011) Tax Competition and Income Sorting: Evidence from the Zurich Metropolitan Area. European Journal of Political Economy 27(3): 455–470.Google Scholar
Schmidheiny, K. (2006) Income Segregation and Local Progressive Taxation: Empirical Evidence from Switzerland. Journal of Public Economics 90(3): 429–458.Google Scholar
Schone, K., Koch, W. and Baumont, C. (2013) Modeling Local Growth Control Decisions in a Multi-City Case: Do Spatial Interactions and Lobbying Efforts Matter? Public Choice 154(1-2): 95–117.Google Scholar
Schuetz, J. (2008) Guarding the Town Walls: Mechanisms and Motives for Restricting Multifamily Housing in Massachusetts. Real Estate Economics 36(3): 555–586.Google Scholar
Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO) (1980) Volkszählung 1980 [Census 1980]. STATWEB. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.Google Scholar
SFSO (2011) STATENT Statistik der Unternehmensstruktur [Corporate Structure Statistics]. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/industrie-dienstleistungen/erhebungen/statent.html (accessed 10 August 2016).Google Scholar
SFSO (2012) Gebäude- und Wohnungsstatistik GWS [Buildings and Dwellings Statistics]. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/infothek/erhebungen__quellen/blank/blank/gws/01.html Google Scholar
SFSO (2015a) Arealstatistik [Surface Statistic]. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/erhebungen/area.html (accessed 10 August 2016)Google Scholar
SFSO (2015b) Nationalratswahlen [National Parliament Election Polls Statistics]. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/politik/wahlen/nationalratswahlen.html (accessed 10 August 2016).Google Scholar
Shen, Q. (1996) Spatial Impacts of Locally Enacted Growth Controls: The San Francisco Bay Region in the 1980s. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 23(1): 61–91.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. A., Dobbin, F. and Garrett, G. (2006) Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism. International Organization 60(4): 781–810.Google Scholar
Simmons, B. A. and Elkins, Z. (2004) The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy. American Political Science Review 98(1): 171–189.Google Scholar
Stauffiger, C. (2006) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH). Departement of Environmental System Science. Strategien für einen haushälterischen Umgang der Gemeinden mit der Ressource Boden, Master thesis, Zürich, http://www.vlp-aspan.ch/sites/default/files/stauffiger_bodenverbrauch.pdf (accessed 10 August 2016).Google Scholar
Strang, D. and Soule, S. A. (1998) Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements: From Hybrid Corn to Poison Pills. Annual Review of Sociology 24(1): 265–290.Google Scholar
Strittmatter, P. (2009) Chance verpasst – Ein Kommentar zum neuen Entwurf für ein Raumentwicklungsgesetz (REG). DISP 176(1): 16–18.Google Scholar
Tiebout, C. M. (1956) A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures. Journal of Political Economy 64(5): 416–424.Google Scholar
Towe, C., Klaiber, H. A., Wrenn, D., Newburn, D. and Irwin, E. G. (eds.) (2011) Exploiting Spatial and Temporal Variations in Residential Subdivision Development to Identify Urban Growth Spillovers. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, 24 July 2011, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Ulfarsson, G. F. and Carruthers, J. I. (2006) The Cycle of Fragmentation and Sprawl: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Model. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 33(5): 767–788.Google Scholar
Vatter, A. (1996) Politikwissenschaftliche Thesen zur schweizerischen Raumplanung der Nachkriegszeit (1950-1995). DISP 127: 28–34.Google Scholar
Volden, C. (2002) The Politics of Competitive Federalism: A Race to the Bottom in Welfare Benefits? American Journal of Political Science 46(2): 352–363.Google Scholar
Volden, C. (2006) States as Policy Laboratories: Emulating Success in the Children’s Health Insurance Program. American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 294–312.Google Scholar
Wasserfallen, F. (2014) Contextual Variation in Interdependent Policy Making: The Case of Tax Competition. European Journal of Political Research 53(4): 822–839.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. D. (1999) Theories of Tax Competition. National Tax Journal 52(2): 269–304.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, J. M. (2010) Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
ZCSO (2015a) Gemeindefinanzstatistik GEFIS [Municipal Finances Statistics]. Cantonal Statistical Office Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/metadaten/gefis.html Google Scholar
ZCSO (2015b) Gemeindesteuern [Municipal Tax Statistics]. Cantonal Statistical Office Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/daten_oeffentliche_finanzen/gemeindesteuern.html Google Scholar
ZCSO (2015c) Kantonale Bevölkerungserhebung [Cantonal Census Zurich]. Cantonal Statistical Office Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, http://www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/daten_bevoelkerung_soziales/bevoelkerung.html Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Berli supplementary material

Berli supplementary material 1

Download Berli supplementary material(File)
File 103.7 KB