Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T21:39:26.941Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Integrated strategies on sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation in Western Europe: communication rather than coordination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 December 2013

Juan Casado-Asensio  and
Reinhard Steurer
Juan Casado-Asensio
Affiliation:
Institute of Forest, Environmental and Natural Resource Policy (InFER), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU), Austria
Reinhard Steurer
Affiliation:
Institute of Forest, Environmental and Natural Resource Policy (InFER), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU), Austria E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Complex environmental challenges cut horizontally across sectors and vertically across levels of government. To address them in coordinated and integrated ways, governments have resorted to integrated, multi-sectoral strategies since the 1990s. After introducing this new governance approach, we describe the policy rationale, prevalence, governance characteristics and performance of three distinct yet thematically related, integrated strategies on sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation in the EU-15 countries. Based on this literature-based synthesis, we highlight their similarities and differences and the lack of linkages between them. The concluding discussion explores options on how to develop integrated strategies further. Since all three integrated strategies failed as comprehensive governing processes that aim to better coordinate policies, we suggest recalibrating them towards communication so that they can be more effective in pursuing the functions they can realistically fulfil: providing direction and raising awareness.

Keywords

climate change policyintegrated strategiesnational adaptation strategies (NAS)national mitigation strategies (NMS)national sustainable development strategies (SDS)sustainable development
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Public Policy , Volume 34 , Issue 3 , December 2014 , pp. 437 - 473
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelle, C. Russel, D. (2013) Climate Policy Integration: A Case of Déjà Vu? Environmental Policy and Governance 23(1): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartle, I. Vass, P. (2007) Climate Change Policy and the Regulatory State – A Better Regulation Perspective. Bath School of Management Research Report No. 19. Bath: University of Bath.Google Scholar
Bauer, A., Feichtinger, J. Steurer, R. (2012) The Governance of Climate Change Adaptation in Ten OECD Countries: Challenges and Approaches. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 14(3): 279–304.Google Scholar
Beck, S., Kuhlicke, C. Görg, C. (2009) Climate Policy Integration, Coherence, and Governance in Germany. UFZ Report 01/2009. Leipzig: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research.Google Scholar
Berger, G., Hametner, M. Steurer, R. (2007) Strategic Approaches to Climate Change in Europe: EU Policies and Strategies, Provisions in SD Strategies and Overview of National Climate Change Strategies, ESDN Quarterly Report September 2007. Vienna: European Sustainable Development Network.Google Scholar
Berger, G. Steurer, R. (2008) National Sustainable Development Strategies in EU Member States: The Regional Dimension. In Baker, S. and Eckerberg, K. (eds.), In Pursuit of Sustainable Development: New Governance Practices at the Sub-National Level in Europe. London: Routledge, 29–49.Google Scholar
Biesbroek, R., Swart, R., Carter, T., Cowan, C., Henrichs, T., Mela, H., Morecroft, M. Rey, D. (2010) Europe Adapts to Climate Change: Comparing National Adaptation Strategies. Global Environmental Change 20(3): 440–450.Google Scholar
Clar, C., Prutsch, A. Steurer, R. (2013) Barriers and Guidelines for Public Policies on Climate Change Adaptation: A Missed Opportunity of Scientific Knowledge-Brokerage. Natural Resources Forum 37: 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compston, H. (2009) Introduction: Political Strategies for Climate Policy. Environmental Politics 18(5): 659–669.Google Scholar
Dalal-Clayton, B. Bass, S. (2002) Sustainable Development Strategies: A Resource Book. London: OECD.Google Scholar
Dalal-Clayton, B., Bass, S., Sadler, B., Thomson, K., Sandbrook, R., Robins, N. Hughes, R. (2002) National Sustainable Development Strategies: Experience and Dilemmas. London: IIED.Google Scholar
de França-Doria, M., Boyd, E., Tompkins, E. Adger, N. (2009) Using Expert Elicitation to Define Successful Adaptation to Climate Change. Environmental Science and Policy 12(7): 810–819.Google Scholar
de Serres, A., Llew-ellyn, J., Llewellyn, P. (2011), The Political Economy of Climate Change Mitigation Policies: How to Build a Constituency to Address Global Warming? OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 887. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Delmas, M. A. Young, O. R. (2009) Governance for the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobbin, F., Simmons, B. Garrett, G. (2007) The Global Diffusion of Public Policies: Social Construction, Coercion, Competition, or Learning? Annual Review of Sociology 33(1): 449–472.Google Scholar
Dolsak, N. (2009) Climate Change Policy Implementation: A Cross-Sectoral Analysis. Review of Policy Research 26(5): 551–569.Google Scholar
Dumollard, G. Leseur, A. (2011) Drawing Up a National Climate Change Adaptation Policy: Feedback from Five European Case Studies, Climate Report No. 27. Paris: CDC Climat Research.Google Scholar
Ellis, J., Moarif, S. Briner, G. (2010) Core Elements of National Reports. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
EEA (2007) Europe's Environment: The 4th Assessment. Copenhagen: EEA.Google Scholar
EEA (2012a) Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2012: Tracking progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets, EEA Report No. 6/2012. Copenhagen: EEA.Google Scholar
EEA (2012b) Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2010 and inventory report 2012. Submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat, EEA Report No. 3/2012. Copenhagen: EEA.Google Scholar
ESDN (2012) European Sustainable Development Network, http://www.sd-network.eu/?k=country%20profiles (accessed 24 October 2013).Google Scholar
European Commission (2006) Assessment of National Allocation Plans for the Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances in the Second Period of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission (2009) Adapting to Climate Change: Towards a European Framework for Action, White Paper. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission (2010) Europe 2020: A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth, Communication from the Commission. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission (2011) Energy Roadmap 2050, Communication from the Commission. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Council (1990) Community Action Programme to Limit CO2 Emissions. Brussels: European Council.Google Scholar
European Council (1993) Council Decision of 24 June 1993 for a Monitoring Mechanism of Community CO2 and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Decision 93/389/EEC. Brussels: European Council.Google Scholar
European Council (2006a) Presidency Conclusions, European Council, Brussels, 15 December, 16879/1/06 REV1.Google Scholar
European Council (2006b) Review of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy, European Council, Brussels, Reviewed Strategy No. 10917/06.Google Scholar
Ford, J., Berrang-Ford, L. Paterson, J. (2011) A Systematic Review of Observed Climate Change Adaptation in Developed Nations. Climatic Change 106(2): 327–336.Google Scholar
Füglister, K. (2011) Where Does Diffusion Take Place? The Role of Intergovernmental Cooperation for Policy Diffusion in Switzerland. European Journal of Political Research 51(3): 316–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gjoski, N., Sedlacko, M. Berger, G. (2010) National Sustainable Development Strategies in Europe: Status Quo and Recent Developments, ESDN Quarterly Report, September. Vienna: ESDN.Google Scholar
Graborsky, P. N. (1994) Green Markets: Environmental Regulation by the Private Sector. Law and Policy 16(4): 419–448.Google Scholar
Gunningham, N. (2005) Reconfiguring Environmental Regulation. In Eliadis, P., Hill, M. M. and Howlett, M. (eds.), Designing Government: From Instruments to Governance. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 333–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, J. (2007) The Multi-Level Governance Challenge of Climate Change. Environmental Sciences 4(3): 131–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, J. (2010) A History of International Climate Change Policy. WIREs Climate Change 1(5): 636–653.Google Scholar
Hajer, M. A. (1995) The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hale, S. (2008) The New Politics of Climate Change: Why We Are Failing and How We Will Succeed. London: Green Alliance.Google Scholar
Hanger, S., Pfenninger, S., Dreyfus, M. (2010), Adaptation in Europe: Governance Problems and Decision-Making Needs, Conference Paper, Berlin Conference on Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change, Berlin, 8–9 October.Google Scholar
Haug, C. Jordan, A. (2010) Burden Sharing: Distributing Burdens or Sharing Efforts? In Jordan, A. et al. (eds.), Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 83–102.Google Scholar
Hogl, K., Nordbeck, R. Kvarda, E. (2009) When International Impulses Hit Home: The Role of Domestic Policy Subsystem Configurations in Explaining Different Types of Sustainability Strategies. Forest Policy and Economics 11: 357–364.Google Scholar
Höhne, N., Burck, J., Eisbrenner, K., Vieweg, M. Grießhaber, L. (2009) Scoreboards on Best and Worst Policies for a Green New Deal. Berlin: Ecofys.Google Scholar
Hood, C. (2011) Summing up the Parts: Combining Policy Instruments for Least-Cost Mitigation Strategies. Paris: International Energy Agency.Google Scholar
Howlett, M. Rayner, J. (2006a) Convergence and Divergence in New Governance Arrangements: Evidence from Europe Integrating National Resource Strategies. Journal of Public Policy 26(2): 167–189.Google Scholar
Howlett, M. Rayner, J. (2006b) Globalization and Governance Capacity: Explaining Divergence in National Forest Programs as Instances of “Next-Generation” Regulation in Canada and Europe. Governance 19(2): 251–275.Google Scholar
Hulme, M., Neufeldt, H., Colyer, H. Ritchie, A. (2009) Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies: Supporting European Climate Policy. The Final Report from the ADAM Project. Norwich: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.Google Scholar
IPCC (2003) Integrating Sustainable Development and Climate Change in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Geneva: WMO.Google Scholar
IPCC (2007a) Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policymakers. Geneva: WMO.Google Scholar
IPCC (2007b) Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group III, Summary for Policymakers. Geneva: WMO.Google Scholar
Jacob, K., Münch, L. Büttner, H. (2012) Leitfaden zur Strategieentwicklung im BMU. Berlin: BMU.Google Scholar
Kerr, A. (2007) Serendipity is Not a Strategy: The Impact of National Climate Programmes on Greenhouse-Gas Emissions. Area 39(4): 418–430.Google Scholar
Klein, R. J. T., Huq, S., Denton, F., Downing, T. E., Richels, R. G., Robinson, J. B., Toth, F. L. (2007), Inter-Relationships Between Adaptation and Mitigation. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lafferty, W. Hovden, E. (2003) Environmental Policy Integration: Towards an Analytical Framework. Environmental Politics 12(3): 1–22.Google Scholar
Lim, B. Spanger-Siegfried, E. (2004) Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change: Developing Strategies, Policies and Measures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lyytimäki, J. (2012) Evaluation of Sustainable Development Strategies and Policies: The Need for More Timely Indicators. Natural Resources Forum 36(2): 101–108.Google Scholar
Martinuzzi, A. Steurer, R. (2003) The Austrian Strategy for Sustainable Development: Process Review and Policy Analysis. European Environment 13(2): 269–287.Google Scholar
Massey, E. Bergsma, E. (2008) Assessing Adaptation in 29 European Countries. Amsterdam: Institute for Environmental Studies.Google Scholar
Meuleman, L. (2008) Public Management and the Metagovernance of Hierarchies, Networks and Markets: The Feasibility of Designing and Managing Governance Style Combinations. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.Google Scholar
Mickwitz, P., Kivimaa, P., Hildén, M., Estlander, A. Melanen, M. (2009a) Mainstreaming Climate Policy and Policy Coherence: A Background Report for the Compiling of the Foresight Report of Vanhanen's Second Government, Prime Minister's Office Publications 21/2009. Helsinki: Finnish Environment Institute.Google Scholar
Mickwitz, P., Aix, F., Beck, S., Carss, D., Ferrand, N., Görg, C., Jensen, A., Kivimaa, P., Kuhlicke, C., Kuindersma, W., Máñez, M., Melanen, M., Monni, S., Branth Pedersen, A., Reinert, H. van Bommel, S. (2009b) Climate Policy Integration, Coherence and Governance, PEER Report No.2. Helsinki: Partnership for European Environmental Research.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2009) Evaluation of the Implementation of Finland's National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change 2009. Helsinki: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.Google Scholar
Mol, A. P. J. Spaargaren, G. (2000) Ecological Modernisation Theory in Debate: A Review. Environmental Politics 9(1): 17–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, M., Rein, M. Goodin, R. E. (2006) The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 39–57.Google Scholar
Mulgan, G. (2009) The Art of Public Strategy: Mobilizing Power and Knowledge for the Common Good. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Niestroy, I. (2012) Sustainable Development Councils at National and Sub-National Levels Stimulating Informed Debate: Stocktaking, Stakeholder Forum's Programme on Sustainable Development Governance Working Paper, http://www.stakeholderforum.org/fileadmin/files/NiestroySDG%20thinkpiece%20-%20FINAL2.pdf (accessed 4 July 2012).Google Scholar
Nilsson, M. Persson, A. (2003) Framework for Analysing Environmental Policy Integration. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 5(4): 333–359.Google Scholar
Nordbeck, R., Steurer, R. (forthcoming) Integrated Multi-Sectoral Strategies as Dead Ends of Policy Coordination: Lessons to be Learned from Sustainable Development Strategies.Google Scholar
OECD (2000) National Strategies for Sustainable Development: A Guide to Key Issues and Methods for Analysis, Donor-Developing Countries Dialogues on National Strategies for Sustainable Development. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (2001a) Sustainable Development: Critical Issues. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (2001b) Policies to Enhance Sustainable Development. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (2006) Sustainable Development: Good Practices in the National Sustainable Development Strategies of OECD Countries. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (2007) Climate Change Policies, OECD Policy Brief. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (2008) Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change Costs, Benefits and Policy Instruments. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD (2009) Policy Guidance on Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-Operation. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD-DAC (2001) Strategies for Sustainable Development: Practical Guidance for Development Cooperation. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Persson, A. (2004) Environmental Policy Integration: An Introduction, Policy Integration for Sustainability Background Paper. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.Google Scholar
Peters, B. G. (2010) Meta-Governance and Public Management. In Osborne S. P. (ed.), The New Public Governance? Emerging perspectives on the theory and practice of public governance. London: Routledge, 36–51.Google Scholar
Pfenninger, S., Hanger, S., Dreyfus, M., Dubel, A., Hernández-Mora, N., Esteve, P., Varela-Ortega, C., Watkiss, P., Patt, A. (2010) Report on Perceived Policy Needs and Decision Contexts, MEDIATION Project Delivery Report. Wageningen: Wageningen University and Research Centre.Google Scholar
Preston, B., Westaway, R. Yuen, E. (2011) Climate Adaptation Planning in Practice: An Evaluation of Adaptation Plans from Three Developed Nations. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 16(4): 407–438.Google Scholar
Raggamby, A. v., Knoblauch, D., Berger, G., Sedlacko, M., Zwirner, W. Martinuzzi, A. (2010) Partizipation in der Entwicklung, Umsetzung und Evaluierung von nationalen Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien. In Steurer, R. and Trattnigg, R. (eds.), Nachhaltigkeit regieren: Eine Bilanz zu Governance-Prinzipien und -Praktiken [Governing Sustainability: Taking Stock of Governance Principles and Practices]. München: Oekom, 143–170.Google Scholar
Rayner, J. Howlett, M. (2009) Introduction: Understanding Integrated Policy Strategies and their Evolution. Policy and Society 28(2): 99–109.Google Scholar
Rayner, T. Jordan, A. (2010) Adapting to a Changing Climate: An Emerging European Union Policy? In Jordan, A., Huitema, D., van Asselt, H., Rayner, T. and Berkhout, F. (eds.), Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 145–166.Google Scholar
Rogner, H.-H., Zhou, D., Bradley, R., Crabbé, P., Edenhofer, O., Hare, B., Kuijpers, L. Yamaguchi, M. (2007) Introduction. In Metz, B., Davidson, O. R., Bosch, P. R., Dave, R. and Meyer, L. A. (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge (UK, USA): Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sharp, L. Richardson, T. (2001) Reflections on Foucauldian Discourse Analysis in Planning and Environmental Policy Research. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 3(3): 193–209.Google Scholar
Simeonova, K. Diaz-Bone, H. (2005) Integrated Climate-Change Strategies of Industrialized Countries. Energy 30(14): 2537–2557.Google Scholar
Smith, J., Vogel, J. Cromwell, J. III. (2009) An Architecture for Government Action on Adaptation to Climate Change. An Editorial Comment. Climatic Change 95(1): 53–61.Google Scholar
Sorensen, E. (2006) Metagovernance. The American Review of Public Administration 36(1): 98–114.Google Scholar
Steurer, R. (2008) Sustainable Development Strategies. In Jordan, A. and Lenschow, A. (eds.), Innovation in Environmental Policy? Integrating the Environment for Sustainability. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 93–113.Google Scholar
Steurer, R. Berger, G. (2011) The EU's Double-Track Pursuit of Sustainable Development in the 2000s: How Lisbon and Sustainable Development Strategies Ran Past Each Other. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 18(2): 99–108.Google Scholar
Steurer, R. Clar, C. (forthcoming) Pathways and traps of policy integration in a federal political system: Climate change mitigation in the Austrian building sector; forthcoming.Google Scholar
Steurer, R., Hametner, M. (2013) Objectives and Indicators in Sustainable Development Strategies: Similarities and Variances Across Europe. Sustainable Development 21(4): 224–241.Google Scholar
Steurer, R. Martinuzzi, A. (2005) Towards a New Pattern of Strategy Formation in the Public Sector: First Experiences with National Strategies for Sustainable Development in Europe. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23(3): 455–472.Google Scholar
Steurer, R., Berger, G. Hametner, M. (2010) The Vertical Integration of Lisbon and Sustainable Development Strategies Across the EU: How Different Governance Architectures Shape the European Coherence of Policy Documents. Natural Resources Forum 34(1): 71–84.Google Scholar
Steurer, R. (2013) Disentangling Governance: A Synoptic View of Regulation by Government, Business and Civil Society. Policy Sciences 46(4): 387–410.Google Scholar
Swanson, D., Pintér, L., Bregha, F., Volkery, A. Jacob, K. (2004) National Strategies for Sustainable Development: Challenges, Approaches and Innovations in Strategic and Co-Ordinated Action. Winnipeg: IISD.Google Scholar
Swart, R., Biesbroek, R., Binnerup, S., Carter, T., Cowan, C., Henrichs, T., Loquen, S., Mela, H., Morecroft, M., Reese, M. Rey, D. (2009) Europe Adapts to Climate Change: Comparing National Adaptation Strategies, PEER Report No.1. Helsinki: PEER.Google Scholar
Termeer, K., Biesbroek, R., van der Brink, M. (2009) Institutions for Adaptation to Climate Change: Comparing National Adaptation Strategies in Europe, Conference Paper, ECPR-APSA Panel on Energy Policy and Global Warming in America and Europe, Toronto, 3–6 September.Google Scholar
Tils, R. (2007) The German Sustainable Development Strategy: Facing Policy, Management and Political Strategy Assessments. European Environment 17: 164–176.Google Scholar
United Nations (1992) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. New York, NY: United Nations.Google Scholar
United Nations (1998) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. New York, NY: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNCED (1992) Agenda 21. New York, NY: United Nations.Google Scholar
UNDESA (2001) Guidance in Preparing National Sustainable Development Strategies: What are National Sustainable Development Strategies. New York, NY: UNDESA.Google Scholar
UNDP (2003) The Adaptation Policy Framework: User's Guidebook. New York, NY: UNDP.Google Scholar
UNDP (2007) Human Development Report 2007/2008, Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. New York, NY: UNDP.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2008a) Annual Compilation and Accounting Report for Annex B Parties under the Kyoto Protocol, FCCC/KP/CMP/208/9/Rev.1, 27 November. Bonn: UNFCCC.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2008b) UNFCCC Resource Guide for Preparing the National Communications of Non-Annex I Parties. Bonn: UNFCCC.Google Scholar
UNFCCC (2011) Revision of the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories for Parties Included in Annex I to the Convention. Bonn: UNFCCC.Google Scholar
Van Asselt, H. (2010) Emissions Trading: The Enthusiastic Adoption of an “Alien” Instrument? In Jordan, A. et al. (eds.), Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 125–138.Google Scholar
Vig, N. Kraft, M. (2010) Environmental Policy: New Directions for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.Google Scholar
Volkery, A., Swanson, D., Jacob, K., Bregha, F. Pintér, L. (2006) Coordination, Challenges, and Innovations in 19 National Sustainable Development Strategies. World Development 34(12): 2047–2063.Google Scholar
Wachter, D. (2010) Politischer Nutzen von Evaluationen und Monitoring am Beispiel der Schweizer Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie. In Steurer, R. and Trattnigg, R. (eds.), Nachhaltigkeit regieren: Eine Bilanz zu Governance-Prinzipien und -Praktiken [Governing Sustainability: Taking Stock of Governance Principles and Practices]. München: Oekom, 193–214.Google Scholar
Weingart, P., Engels, A. Pansegrau, P. (2000) Risks of Communication: Discourses on Climate Change in Science, Politics and the Mass Media. Public Understanding of Science 9(3): 261–283.Google Scholar
Wilbanks, T. Sathaye, J. (2007) Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation as Responses to Climate Change: A Synthesis. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12(5): 957–962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilbanks, T., Leiby, P., Perlack, R., Ensminger, T. Wright, S. (2007) Toward an Integrated Analysis of Mitigation and Adaptation: Some Preliminary Findings. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12(5): 713–725.Google Scholar
Wurzel, R. K. (2008) Germany. In Jordan, A. and Lenschow, A. (eds.), Innovation in Environmental Policy? Integrating the Environment for Sustainability. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 180–201.Google Scholar
Yohe, G. W., Lasco, R. D., Ahmad, Q. K., Arnell, N. W., Cohen, S. J., Hope, C., Janetos, A. C. Perez, R. T. (2007): Perspectives on Climate Change and Sustainability. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 811–841.Google Scholar