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4. Brennan, Mary C., Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP (Chapel Hill, 1995);Google Scholar McGirr, Lisa, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the American Right (Princeton, 2002);Google Scholar Kruse, Kevin, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton, 2007);Google Scholar Lassiter, Matthew, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Critchlow, Donald, The Conservative Ascendency: How the GOP Right Made Political History (Cambridge, Mass., 2007): 106–7, 141, 162;Google Scholar Young, Neil J., “‘The ERA Is a Moral Issue’: The Mormon Church, LDS Women, and the Defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment,” American Quarterly 59, no. 3 (September 2007): 623–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Historians have begun arguing that Mormons have been part of the Religious Right Since the 1950s. See Young, Neil J., We Gather Together: The Religious Right and the Problem of Interfaith Politics (New York, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. Morgan, David, “The Art of Jon McNaughton the Tea Party Painter,” Religion and Politics, 25 July 2012 (accessed 24 August 2017), http://religionandpolitics.org/2012/07/25/the-tea-partys-painter-the-art-of-jon-mcnaughton/.Google Scholar

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8. Sutton, Matthew Avery, American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism (Cambridge, Mass., 2015), chap. 8;Google Scholar Dochuk, Darren, From Bible Belt to Sunbelt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism (New York, 2011);Google Scholar Kruse, Kevin, One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America (New York, 2015);Google Scholar Phillips-Fein, Kim, Invisible Hands: The Making of the Conservative Movement from the New Deal to Reagan (New York, 2009).Google Scholar

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10. Fraser, Steve and Gerstle, Gary, eds., The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), xi.Google Scholar

11. Shipps, “Ezra Taft Benson and the Conservative Turn of ‘Those Amazing Mormons,’” 59–61.

12. Sutton, American Apocalypse, 5, 7.

13. Cannon, Brian Q., “Mormons and the New Deal: The 1936 Presidential Election in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly 67, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 5, 7, 16.Google Scholar

14. Pinning down conservatism is no easy task, and the Great Depression only complicates the issue. New Dealers saw themselves preserving the capitalist and constitutional structures of the United States. Conservatism during the Depression was far from a coherent and viable movement, yet businessmen, journalists, intellectuals, and politicians slowly began coalescing in opposition to New Deal policies and programs. Although not yet a self-conscious crusade, they feared Roosevelt introduced socialism and eroded the US Constitution. In combating FDR’s program, they promoted limited government, individual liberty, and the free market, later hallmarks of the American conservative movement. These individuals are labeled as conservative or anti–New Deal throughout this study. See Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendency, 7–8, 10–11.

15. Some historians might question how a marginalized religious minority in the American West could drive national politics in any meaningful way. Yet, nineteenth-century Mormon polygamy drove a massive revision of the First Amendment and federal oversight into the personal, religious lives of Americans. Influence is not necessarily contingent on size or numbers of political elites. Small, often persecuted, religious groups outsize their influence because their position as outsiders make them more conspicuous, not less so. See, for example, the role of Jehovah’s Witnesses in pushing the Supreme Court to honor the rights of minority groups during World War II in Shawn Francis Peters Judging Jehovah’s Witnesses: Religious Persecution and the Dawn of the Rights Revolution (Lawrence, Kans., 2000).

16. Underwood, The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism, 59, 91.

17. “Revelation [D&C 101], December 16–17, 1833,” The Joseph Smith Papers, Documents, Volume 3: February 1833–March 1834 (Salt Lake City, 2014), 73, 74, 81, 82.

18. “Discourse, circa 19 July 1840, as Reported by Martha Jane Knowlton Coray [ca. 1850s],” 11, 12, 13; “Discourse, July 19, 1840, as Reported by Unknown Scribe-A,” 2; “Discourse, July 19, 1840, as reported by Unknown scribe-B,” 2, The Joseph Smith Papers, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/.

19. Bowman, Matthew, The Mormon People: The Making of an American Faith (New York, 2012), xvi, 56;Google Scholar McGee, Mark Ashurst, “Zion in America: The Origins of American Constitutionalism,” Journal of Mormon History 38, no. 3 (Summer 2012): 98–101.Google Scholar

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21. Smith, George Albert, One-Hundred and Second Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 8 April 1932, 44 (hereafter Conference Report).Google Scholar

22. James Dennis Lo Russo, “The Puritan Ethic on High”: LDS Media and the Embrace of Free Enterprise in the Twentieth Century,” In Mason and Turner, Out of Obscurity, 108; Peterson, Charles S. and Cannon, Brian Q., The Awkward State of Utah: Coming of Age in the Nation, 1896–1945 (Salt Lake City, 2015), 311, 304–12;Google Scholar Darowski, Joseph F., “The WPA Versus the Utah Church,” in Utah in the Twentieth Century, ed. Cannon, Brian Q. and Embry, Jesse L. (Logan, 2009), 169, 177;Google Scholar Bonner, Jeremy, “State, Church, and Moral Order: The Mormon Response to the New Deal in Orem, Utah, 1933–40,” Journal of Mormon History 2 (2002): 81, 82, 87; Cannon, “Mormons and the New Deal,” 4–22.Google Scholar

23. J. Reuben Clark to Richard L. Evans, 23 December 1935, Salt Lake City, Utah, MSS 303, box 355, folder 1, J. Reuben Clark, Papers, BYU-SC; Office of the First Presidency to William C. Fitzgibbon, Salt Lake City, 11 October 1941; Ms 0178, box 106, folder 2, Marriner S. Eccles, Papers, J. Willard Marriot Library Special Collections, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (hereafter JWML).

24. Kennedy, David M., Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War II, 1929–1945 (New York, 1999); 138;Google Scholar Katznelson, Ira, Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York, 2013), 149.Google Scholar

25. “Prohibition: How We Stand,” Improvement Era, September 1932, 642; Richard R. Lyman, Conference Report, 8 October 1932, 51, 55, 56; David O. McKay, Conference Report, 9 April 1933, 93.

26. Melvin J. Ballard, Conference Report, 9 April 1933, 127.

27. See also Rulon S. Wells, Conference Report, 7 October 1933, 50.

28. Bonner, “State, Church, and Moral Order,” 86. Leonard Arrington, “The Sagebrush Resurrection: New Deal Expenditures in the Western States,” Pacific Historical Quarterly 52, no. 1 (February 1983): 8; Peterson, and Cannon, The Awkward State of Utah, 304.

29. “A Message and Greeting from the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,” Improvement Era, January 1934, 3. Sylvester Q. Cannon, Conference Report, 6 October 1933, 33, 34, 35.

30. “The Decay of Self-Reliance,” Deseret News, 8 January 1935; Melvin J. Ballard, Conference Report, 5 October 1935, 50. Levi Edgar Young, Conference Report, 7 October 1934, 112, 114, 115; Rudger Clawson, Conference Report, 7 April 1934, 55; George Albert Smith, Conference Report, 7 October 1935, 122; “Ex-Senator Smoot Assails New Deal Finance Policy,” Salt Lake Telegram, 30 October 1935.

31. J. Reuben Clark, Conference Report, 7 April 1935, 93, 94, 95, 96.

32. Michael Quinn, D., J. Reuben Clark: The Church Years (Provo, 1983), 68–69;Google Scholar Hayden, Jay, “Mormon Leaders Against New Deal,” Boston Daily Globe, 24 October 1935.Google Scholar

33. “An Editorial: The Constitution,” Deseret News, 31 October 1936.

34. “The American Presidency Project,” University of California, Santa Barbara (accessed 8 March 2017), https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/elections/1936.

35. Levi Edgar Young, Conference Report, 6 April 1937, 113, 114, 115; J. Reuben Clark, “Who Is Youth? When Is Youth?,” Improvement Era, August 1937, 474, 516; Albert E. Bowen, Conference Report , 3 April 1938, 10, 11, 12; “Church and State,” Deseret News, 31 October 1940.

36. Levi S. Udall to Marriner S. Eccles, St. Johns, Arizona, 21 November 1939, box 78, folder 4, Eccles papers, JWML.

37. J. Reuben Clark, Conference Report, 4 April 1941, 18, 19.

38. Office of the First Presidency to William C. Fitzgibbon, Salt Lake City, 11 October 1941.

39. Sutton, 237, 238; Meijer, Hendrik, Arthur Vandenberg: The Man in the Middle of the American Century (Chicago, 2017), 107, 123, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

40. Darowski, “The WPA Versus the Utah Church,” 168. Peterson and Cannon, The Awkward State of Utah, chap. 11.

41. “What Readers Think: Election of Roosevelt Providential, Says Earl,” Deseret News, 23 March 1933.

42. Cannon, “Mormons and the New Deal,” 18, 19, 20; Quinn, J. Reuben Clark, 75; Peterson and Cannon, 30. For popular support for the New Deal, see Clark S. Knowlton, interview by Everett L. Cooley, 10 May 1988, box 36, folder 6, 12, 13; Lillian Ence, interview by Gregory C. Thompson, 18 March 1980, box 7, folder 6, 13, 14; Donald D. Walker, interview by Everett L. Cooley, 1, 8, 22 December 1987, box 22, folder 4, 17, 18, 19, in Everett L. Cooley Oral History Project, JWML; Gordon T. Hyde to Franklin S. Harris, Salt Lake City Utah, 25 October 1938, MSS 340, box 21, folder 2, Franklin Stewart Harris, Papers, BYU-SC.

43. Frank E. Moss, interview by Everett L. Cooley, 7 April–11 May 1992, box 46, folder, 2, 53, 54, 55, Everett L. Cooley Oral History Project, JWML; Marriner S. Eccles to Senator [Byrd], 22 December 1938, box 40, Eccles papers, JWML.

44. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 379. For Mormons opposed to the New Deal, see “Your Page and Ours,” The Improvement Era, March 1935, 193; “Religion and Liberty Dear to the Hearts of Men,” Deseret News, 31 October 1936.

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46. Mangum, Garth L. and Blumell, Bruce D., The Mormons’ War on Poverty: A History of LDS Welfare, 1830–1990 (Salt Lake City, 1993), chaps. 6 and 7;Google Scholar Arrington, Leonard J. and Hinton, Wayne K., “Origin of the Welfare Plan of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,” BYU Studies Quarterly 5, no. 2 (Spring 1964): 71;Google Scholar Darowski, “The WPA Versus the Utah Church,” 170.

47. Mangum and Blumell, The Mormons’ War on Poverty, 133–42, 146.

48. Arrington and Hinton, “Origin of the Welfare Plan of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,” 84.

49. “16 Stake Unite Under Welfare Plan,” Deseret News, 9 May 1936.

50. Memorandum from the daily journal of John M. Whitaker (1935–36), Ms 0002, box 4, folder 33, John Mills Whitaker, Papers, JWML. See also Mangum and Blumell, 137.

51. Office of the First Presidency to William C. Fitzgibbon, Salt Lake City, 11 October 1941.

52. Clark to Heber J. Grant and David O. McKay, New York City, 28 November 1936, box 355, folder 1, Clark papers, BYU-SC.

53. “Conference Stresses Welfare Work,” Richfield Reaper, 14 December 1939.

54. See Melvin J. Ballard, Conference Report, 6 April 1937, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93; Joseph L. Wirthlin, Conference Report, 8 October 1938, 71, 72. Levi Edgar Young, Conference Report, 2 October 1936, 66, 67, 68. Evans, Richard L., “Faith, Work, and Security,” Improvement Era, December 1936, 768.Google Scholar

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56. Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendency, 13.

57. Alison Collis Greene, No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta (New York, 2016), 2, 3, 6, 194, 201.

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60. Clark to David O. McKay, 6 March 1936, box 355, folder 1, Clark papers, BYU-SC; “Buck Says Landon Will be Nominated,” New York Times, 31 March 1936; “Peril Facing the Nation Cited,” Los Angeles Times, 13 July 1935; Evans, Arthur “Utah Swings to Landon, Report Given Hamilton,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 7 August 1936;Google Scholar Peterson and Cannon, 307–8.

61. “Reading Around the World,” The Literary Digest, 7 August 1937, 25, 26.

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71. Lawrence, “Utah Gives Little Aid to Flaunters of Constitution,” San Antonio Express, 28 August 1936.

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75. “The Mormons Show the Way,” New York Herald Tribune, 21 September 1937.

76. James Truslow Adams, ‘“By the Dawn’s Early Light,’” The Commentator, February 1937, 6.

77. Marc A. Rose, “Those Marvelous Mormons,” Commentator, May 1937, 118, 119, 120, 121.

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93. “An address by Honorable Harry F. Byrd, U. S. Senator, from Virginia, before the Massachusetts Federation of Taxpayers Associations, Boston, Saturday, December 10, 1938,” box 40, Eccles papers, JWML.

94. Open Letter from Harry Flood Byrd to Marriner S. Eccles, 14 January 1939, box 40, Eccles papers, JWML.

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