Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T18:07:38.221Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Knowledge and Power in State Socialism: Statistical Conventions and Housing Policy in the GDR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2009

Jay Rowell
Affiliation:
Groupe de sociologie politique européenne, Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Strasburg

Extract

Since the late 1970s, the historiography of State socialist regimes in Central Europe has been largely structured by an opposition between a “top-down” political history and a more “bottom-up” social history, leaving the analysis of public policy in a sort of no-man's land between politics and society. Without competitive elections, freedom of expression, or interest-group mobilization or participation, most determinants of policy routinely studied in Western democracies are inoperative. Furthermore, given that State socialist regimes and centralized economic planning appear to be historical dead ends, what can be learned today from the study of this political experiment? In this article on housing policy in the GDR, I will argue that the question of knowledge, its construction, its circulation, and its uses are at least as essential to the intelligibility of these regimes as the study of ideology and repression.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Weber, Max, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (Tübingen, 1980), 572573Google Scholar.

2. Porter, Ted, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton, 1995)Google Scholar.

3. Max, Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Soziologie und Sozialpolitik (Tübingen, 1924), 500511Google Scholar.

4. Rowell, Jay, “Wohnungspolitik,” in 1949–1961 Deutsche Demokratische Republik: Im Zeichen des Aufbaus des Sozialismus, Geschichte der Sozialpolitik in Deutschland, ed. Hoffmann, Dierk and Schwartz, Michael, vol. 8 (Baden-Baden, 2004), 702Google Scholar.

5. Brander, Sylvia, Wohnungspolitik als Sozialpolitik: Theoretische Konzepte und praktische Ansätze in Deutschland bis zum ersten Weltkrieg (Berlin, 1984), 95102Google Scholar.

6. Minutes of the Refugee commission, city of Leipzig, 16 September 1946. Municipal Archives Leipzig (hereafter MAL) STVuR (1) 7638.

7. Report sent to the Ministry for Reconstruction by the city of Leipzig, 14 August 1952. SED city of Leipzig. State archive Leipzig (hereafter STAL) SED IV/01/358.

8. von Beyme, Klaus, Der Wiederaufbau: Architektur und Städtebaupolitik in beiden deutschen Staaten (Munich, 1987), 295Google Scholar.

9. According to a report of the State Plan Commission, the price per housing unit in the GDR was double that of West Germany, 8 October 1955. Federal Archives Berlin (hereafter BarchB) DE 1 1752.

10. Düwel, Jörn, Baukunst Voran. Architektur und Städtebau in der SBZ/DDR (Berlin, 1995)Google Scholar.

11. Henselmann, Hermann, “Einige kritische Bemerkungen zum Wohnungsbau,” Deutsche Architektur 2, no. 3 (1952): 112Google Scholar.

12. Conradi, Peter and Zöpel, Christoph, Wohnen in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1994), 47Google Scholar.

13. Rowell, “Wohnungspolitik,” 712–14.

14. Desrosières, Alain, La politique des grands nombres: Histoire de la raison statistique (Paris, 1993), 16Google Scholar.

15. Ibid., 19.

16. Thévenot, Laurent, “Les investissements de forme,” Cahiers du centre d'études de l'emploi 29 (1985): 26Google Scholar.

17. Ciesla, Burghard, “Hinter den Zahlen: Zur Wirtschaftsstatistik und Wirtschaftsberichterstattung in der DDR,” in Akten. Eingaben. Schaufenster. Die DDR und ihre Texte, ed. Lüdtke, Alf and Becker, Peter (Berlin, 1997), 41Google Scholar.

18. Güttler, Markus, “Die Grenzen der Kontrolle: Das statistische Informationssystem und das Versagen zentralistischer Planwirtschaft in der DDR,” in Die Grenzen der Diktatur: Staat und Gesellschaft in der DDR, ed. Bessel, Richard and Jessen, Ralph (Göttingen, 1996), 262263Google Scholar.

19. Editorial, Mitteldeutsche neuste Nachrichten, 1 March 1961, 1.

20. Wagner, Richard, “Das Wohnungsbauprogram der DDR” (Ph.D. diss., Deutsche Bauakademie, 1961), 105Google Scholar.

21. Meeting on 29 December 1961. MAL STVuR (1) 2596.

22. See, for example, Buck, Hansjörg, Mit hohem Anspruch gescheitert: Die Wohnungspolitik der DDR (Münster, 2004)Google Scholar.

23. Thomas Lindenberger has developed a similar approach to the interplay of Party-State dynamics at the central level and problems of “street-level” implementation in policing. Lindenberger, Thomas, Volkspolizei: Herrschaftspraxis und öffentliche Ordnung im SED-Staat, 1952–1968 (Cologne, 2003)Google Scholar.

24. Directives from various ministries and Politburo communiqués between 1950 and 1954. Ministry for Labor, BArchB DQ 2 3987, 3988.

25. Remarks by the director of the municipal housing administration. Commission 16 March 1951. MAL STVuR (1) 484.

26. Commission, 13 June 1950. MAL STVuR (1) 483.

27. Commission, 18 June 1951. MAL STVuR (1) 485.

28. MAL STVuR (1) 2593.

29. The writer manages to keep the exclusive use of his apartment. MALSTVuR (1) 2593.

30. Commission, 15 February 1952. MAL STVuR (1) 487.

31. Commissions, 13 June 1950 and 13 July 1951. MAL STVuR (1) 482, 486.

32. Estimation based on the analysis of 150 Eingaben written between 1951 and 1961.

33. Manz, Günter and Winkler, Gunnar, Theorie und Praxis der Sozialpolitik in der DDR (Berlin, 1979), 273Google Scholar.

34. Offe, Claus, Der Tunnel am Ende des Lichts (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 12Google Scholar.

35. Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, “Planning Without Markets: Knowledge and State Action in East German Housing Construction,” East European Politics and Societies 4, no. 3 (1990): 574575CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36. Hannemann, Christine, Die Platte: Industrialisierter Wohnungsbau in der DDR (Braunschweig, 1996), 23CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37. Editorial, Deutsche Architektur 7, no. 3 (1957): 134.

38. Experiments with entire room cells were conducted in 1961, but the project was scrapped in 1966 due to exorbitant costs and technical problems. Pietz, Martin, “Muster und Experimentalbau in Raumzellen Bauweise,” Deutsche Architektur 16, no. 6 (1966): 338341Google Scholar.

39. The proclaimed goal of the seven-year plan of 1959 was to resolve the housing question by 1965. However, targets were lowered as early as 1961, and even with the downward readjustment in the middle of the seven-year plan, the number of apartments constructed attained only 73 percent of plan targets.

40. Hoscislawski, Thomas, Bauen zwischen Macht und Ohnmacht (Berlin, 1991), 271Google Scholar.

41. Ministry for Construction, 4 February 1967. BArchB DH 1 16824.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid.

44. State Plan Commission, 8 December 1967, BArchB DE 1 49301.

45. German Academy for Construction, 21 October 1967, BArchB DH 2 II/02/5.

46. Buck, Mit hohem Anspruch; Schröder, Klaus, Der SED Staat: Partei, Staat und Gesellschaft, 19491990 (Munich, 2000)Google Scholar.

47. Including materials in the calculations resulted in the conclusion that a construction worker was twice as productive as a worker repairing or modernizing old housing stock. Figures from 1967, Ministry of Construction, BarchB DH 1 23243.

48. Information to the Politburo, February 1972, Bureau for Construction of the Central Committee of the SED. Archives of the foundation of Parties and Mass organizations of the GDR (hereafter SAPMO) SED DY 30 Vorl. SED 18099.

49. Report by Gerhard Trölitzsch, December 1971, Bureau for Construction of the Central Committee of the SED. SAPMO SED DY 30 Vorl. SED 18099. Copy of a speech by Trölitzsch on private construction, January 1972. DY 30 Vorl. SED 18074.

50. For a more detailed discussion, see Rowell, Jay, “L'ouverture bureaucratique comme mode de domination rapprochée: Les paradoxes de l'Etat local en RDA,” Sociétés contemporaines 57 (2005): 2140CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

51. Scott, James, Seeing Like a State (New Haven, 1998), 77Google Scholar.

52. Information based on five interviews with housing officials in Leipzig between 1997 and 1999.

53. Tooze, Adam, Statistics and the German State, 1900–1945: The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge (Cambridge, 2001)Google Scholar.