1. Milkis, Sidney M. and Mileur, Jerome M., “Introduction: The New Deal, Then and Now,” in The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism, eds. Milkis, Sidney M. and Mileur, Jerome M. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), 1–22, 3, 10, 17Google Scholar; Gross, James A., The Reshaping of the National Labor Relations Board: National Labor Policy in Transition, 1937-1947 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981), 225, 232, 248–59Google Scholar; Katznelson, Ira, Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York: Liveright Publishing Co., 2013), 370–80, 386–402Google Scholar; Roosevelt, “Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union,” January 6, 1941, Voices of Democracy: The U.S. Oratory Project, http://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/fdr-the-four-freedoms-speech-text/; Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union Message to Congress, January 11, 1944, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16518; “A Creed for Americans,” New York Times April 15, 1945, E5; In Harris v. McRae the majority decided that there was no “a constitutional entitlement to the financial resources” needed to exercise the “full range of protected choices” because “indigency” did not qualify as a “constitutionally suspect classification,” Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S.297 (1980), 34, 42, https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/448/297.

2. Robert F. Wagner, “The Ideal Industrial State: As Wagner Sees It,” New York Times, May 9, 1937, SM8; U.S. Senate Committee on Education and Labor, Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor, Report of the Committee on Education and Labor: Employers’ Associations and Collective Bargaining in California Part 1: General Introduction (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942), 62, 4, 5 (hereafter, Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor).

3. Horwitz, Paul, First Amendment Institutions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 68–103, 224–31, 270–71Google Scholar.

4. National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) Series I: Congressional Committees—La Follette Committee, box 79, National Association of Manufacturers records, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, DE (hereafter NAM/HML); Gregory Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 24–27 Google Scholar; Tom Mercer Girdler with Boyden Sparkes, Bootstraps: The Autobiography of Tom Girdler (New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1943), 449, 177Google Scholar; Jasper Crane to J. Howard Pew (c. January 1941); NAM Declaration of Principles December 8, 1939; folder: NAM to A 1943, box 2, J. Howard Pew Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, DE (hereafter Pew/HML).

5. Fabre, Cécile, Social Rights under the Constitution: The Government and the Decent Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 1 Google Scholar; Fraser, Nancy and Gordon, Linda, “Civil Citizenship against Social Citizenship? On the Ideology of Contract-versus-Charity,” in The Condition of Citizenship, ed. Van Steenbergen, Bart (London: Sage, 1996), 90–107 Google Scholar; Wilson, William Julius, “Citizenship and the Inner-City Ghetto Poor,” in Steenbergen, Condition of Citizenship, 49–64 Google Scholar; Sunstein, Cass, The Second Bill of Rights: FDR’s Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More Than Ever (NY: Basic Books, 2004)Google Scholar.

6. Ira Katznelson, Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Times 175–82, 247–61, 265 272–75; Quadagno, Jill, “Why the United States Has No National Health Insurance: Stakeholder Mobilization against the Welfare State, 1945-1996,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 54 (2004): 25–44Google Scholar, 30; Katznelson, Fear Itself, 409; Farhang, Sean and Katznelson, Ira, “The Southern Imposition: Congress and Labor in the New Deal and Fair Deal,” Studies in American Political Development 19, no. 1 (Spring 2005): 1–30 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7. Gall, Gilbert J., “Heber Blankenhorn, the LaFollette Committee, and the Irony of Industrial Repression,” Labor History 23, no. 2 (Spring 1982): 246–53, 246–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gross, James A., The Making of the National Labor Relations Board: A Study in Economics, Politics and the Law (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1974), 115–16Google Scholar; Auerbach, Jerold, Labor and Liberty: The La Follette Committee & the New Deal (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1966), 14–16, 19–20Google Scholar; Wang, Jessica, “Local Knowledge, State Power, and the Science of Industrial Labor Relations: William Leiserson, David Saposs, and American Labor Economics in the Interwar Years,” Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences 46, no. 4 (Fall 2010): 371–93, 377–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Auerbach, Jerold S., Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976),183Google Scholar; Statement of Heber Blankenhorn, April 29, 1940, U.S. House, National Labor Relations Act: Hearings by Special Committee to Investigate the NLRA Seventy-Sixth Congress, Third Session, on Apr. 27, 29, 1940, Volume 20 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1940), 4251–53 (hereafter National Labor Relations Act); VB, “The Heber Blankenhorn Collection,“ April 1971, Archives of Labor History and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; https://reuther.wayne.edu/files/LP000294.pdf; “David J. Saposs,” in American National Biography: Supplement 2, ed. Mark C. Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 494–95.

8. William Hard, “After the Strike,” New Republic January 28, 1920; Commission of Inquiry, Interchurch World Movement, Report on the Steel Strike (NY: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1920)Google Scholar; Sidney Howard republished his New Republic series with Robert Dunn, The Labor Spy (New York: Republic Publishing Company, 1924); Eldon G. Ernst, “The Interchurch World Movement and the Great Steel Strike of 1919-1920,” Church History 39, no. 2 (June 1970): 212–23, 214, 217–23.

9. Statement of Heber Blankenhorn, May 1, 1940, House of Representatives The National Labor Relations Act, 4405–06, 4438–40; Jennifer Luft, Commonsense Anticommunism: Labor and Civil Liberties between the Wars (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012), 191; David J. Saposs Papers, 1907–1968, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-mss00113; Auerbach, Labor and Liberty, 59; William Hard, “They Must Have Espionage,” New Republic, April 28, 1920.

10. Keyserling, Leon H., “Wagner Act: Its Origin and Current Significance,” George Washington University Law Review 29, no. 2 (December 1960): 199–233Google Scholar, 200–03; Francis Biddle as quoted in Auerbach, Unequal Justice, 174; Gross, The Making of the National Labor Relations Board, 130–47; Auerbach, Unequal Justice, 180–81, 229; Thomas Emerson, as quoted in Auerbach, Unequal Justice, 184; Landon R. Y. Storrs, The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), 22–23, 38–40, 53–54; Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1962), 50, 51.

11. Keyserling, “Wagner Act,” 201, 209; Crawford, Kenneth G., The Pressure Boys: The Inside Story of Lobbying in America (New York: Julian Messner, 1939), 125–26Google Scholar; “J. A. Emery Scores Wagner Labor Bill,” New York Times March 4, 1934, 31; “Emery Opposes Wagner Bill;” Wagner Denies Charge of Bias,” Christian Science Monitor, March 26, 1934, 1; “Wagner Assails Company Unions,” New York Times, March 26, 1934, 4; “Steel Industry Attacks Wagner Bill at Hearing,” Chicago Tribune April 6, 1934, 2; “A.F. of L. Threatens Strike to Gain Its Bill of Rights,” Christian Science Monitor, 24, May 1935, 1; “James A. Gross, “The Broken Promises of the National Labor Relations Act and the Occupational Health and Safety Act,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 73, no. 1 (December 1997): 351–87, 351.

12. Robert Wagner, “Yes;” James A. Emery, “No,” Christian Science Monitor, April 7, 1934, 16; James Emery as quoted in William Millikan, A Union against Unions: The Minneapolis Citizens Alliance and Its Fight against Organized Labor, 1907-1947 (Minneapolis: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001), 244; James A. Gross, “A Long Overdue Beginning: The Promotion and Protection of Workers’ Rights as Human Rights,” in Workers’ Rights as Human Rights, ed. James. A Gross (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2003), 1–22, 1; Katznelson, Fear Itself, 257–59; Melvyn Dubofsky and Water Van Tine, “John L. Lewis and the Triumph of Mass-Production Unionism,” in Labor Leaders in America, eds. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 185–206, 193–96; Steven Fraser, “Sidney Hillman: Labor’s Machiavelli,” in Labor Leaders, 207–33, 219–21.

13. “Green Denounces Wagner Act Foes,” New York Times, July 11, 1935, 43; “Wagner Act Void, Legal Critics Hold,” New York Times, September 13, 1935, 1; Warren B. Francis, “New Labor Act Invalid,” Los Angeles Times, September 19, 1935, 1; “New Labor Act is Held Illegal,” Chicago Tribune, September 19, 1935, 1; Crawford, The Pressure Boys, 126; “Weir Sounds Battle Call,” Los Angeles Times, December 11, 1935, 15; Louis Stark, “Steel Firm Opens Labor Law Fight,” New York Times, November 19, 1935, 6; “Business Leaders Declare New Deal Retards Recovery,” Christian Science Monitor, December 5, 1935, 1; “Constitutional Fight over Wagner Act,” Wall Street Journal, December 27, 1935, 2; NLRB, First Annual Report of the National Labor Relations Board for the Fiscal Year That Ended June 30, 1936 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936), 46–50, 54–59.

14. NLRB, First Annual Report, 32; Auerbach, Labor and Liberty, 60–62.

15. Heber Blankenhorn to Robert Wohlforth, May 7, 1952; Heber Blankenhorn to Robert Wohlforth, June 2, 1955, Heber Blankenhorn to Robert Wohlforth, June 10, 1955, folder: Correspondence “B”, box 1, Robert Wohlforth Papers, Tamiment Library, New York University, New York (hereafter Wohlforth/TL); Jennifer Luft, “LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee,” in Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History, Vol. I, ed. Eric Arnesen (NY: Routledge, 2007), 774–75.

16. Testimony of Heber Blankenhorn, April 10, 1936, April 14, 1936, U.S. Senate Committee on Education and Labor, Violations of Free Speech and Assembly and Interference with the Rights of Labor: Report of the Committee on Education and Labor, April 10–23, 1936 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Offoce, 1936), 5, 53, 55, 57; Louis Stark, “Steel Men Accused of Spying on Union,” New York Times, April 11, 1936, 1; “Inquiry Links Strikebreaking to Arms Firm,“ Washington Post, April 15, 1936, X1; Louis Stark, “Links Labor ‘Spies’ to Liberty League,” New York Times, April 15, 1936, 7; Louis Stark, “Says Fight on Reds Is Aimed at Labor,” New York Times, April 24, 1936, 7; Biddle, In Brief Authority, 20, 21: “LaFollette Inquiry Gives Labor Chance,” Christian Science Monitor, April 20, 1936, 7; Heber Blankenhorn to Sidney Howard, June 6, 1936, quoted in The National Labor Relations Act, Vol. 21, April 30–May 1, 1940, 4420.

17. Malcolm Ross, Machine Age in the Hills (New York: MacMillan, 1933), 164–94; Oswald Garrison Villard to Robert La Follette, June 23, 1936; Heber Blankenhorn to Robert Wohlforth, June 24, 1936, Robert La Follette, Jr. to Whom It May Concern, June 27, 1936, Wohlforth/TL; Auerbach, Labor and Liberty, 82–84; Charles W. Ervin, Homegrown Liberal: The Autobiography of Charles W. Ervin (New York: Dodd & Mead, 1954), 221, 227.

18. Heber Blankenhorn to George Soule, May 15, 1936, Heber Blankenhorn to George Soule May 16, 1936, National Labor Relations Act, Vol 20, 4290, 4293; “Labor Spying Data Hunted by Senate,” New York Times, August 13, 1936, 5; Heber Blankenhorn to Robert Wolhforth, June 2, 1955, Wohlforth/TL; Auerbach, Labor and Liberty, 71–73.

19. NLRB, First Annual Report, 67–69, 70–71, 73–74.

20. Noon, Mark, “Labor Spies and Pinkertons,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History, Vol. 1, ed. Dubofsky, Melvyn (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 460–62, 461Google Scholar; Abt, John and Myerson, Michael, Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993)Google Scholar; “New Arrest Law Used by Senators,” New York Times, August 25, 1936, 12; “Senate Agents Piece Scraps of Seized Letters,” Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1936, 8; Statements of Gerhard P. Van Arkell; Robert La Follette, Jr., August 21, 1936; G. Eugene Ivey, W. H. Gray, September 22, 1936; and Robert Wohlforth, September 22, 1936, Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor. Part 1, Labor Espionage and Strikebreaking: Railway Audit & Inspection Co., Inc.; National Corporation Service, Inc., August 21 and September 22, 23, 1936: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate, Seventy-Fourth Congress, Second Session Pursuant to S. Res. 266, A Resolution to Investigate Violations of the Right of Free Speech and Assembly and Interference with the Right of Labor to Organize and Bargain Collectively (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1936), 21–24, 27–33, 35–36, 50, 81, 177; Auerbach, Labor and Liberty, 84–88, 93–94; Gross, The Making of the National Labor Relations Board, 222.

21. References to “stool pigeon” occurred in testimony and exhibits in Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor: Part 1, 177, 185, 202, 204, 21, 291,359–60, 364–66, 369–76, 378–79; References to “hooker” in Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor, Part 2—Labor Espionage and Strikebreaking—Lake Erie Chemical Company, Manville Manufacturing Co., Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency September 24–25 1936 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1937), 413, 535; Heber Blankenhorn to Robert Wohlforth, June 10, 1955, Wohlforth/TL; Heber Blankenhorn, May 1, 1940, The National Labor Relations Act, Vol. 21, April 30–May 1, 1940, 4397; Under the guidance of Blankenhorn and Wohlforth, the subcommittee devoted its first eight investigations and a subsequent investigation to labor espionage in Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor; Ervin, Home-Grown Liberal, 225–29; Laura M. Weinrib, “The Liberal Compromise: Civil Liberties, Labor, and the Limits of State Power, 1917-1940” (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago Law School, 2011), http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/other_publications/4.

22. Harris & Ewing, September 25, 1936, Reproduction Number: LC- DIG-hec-33856, Harris and Ewing Collection (hereafter H & E C), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC (hereafter PPD/LC).

23. Pinkerton testimony, September 25, 1936, Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor, Part 2, 535–36, 540, 541, 547, 555; “McGrady Spied on in Peace Efforts,” New York Times, February 10, 1937, 3; “Senate Defied by Pinkerton,” Washington Post, February 13, 1937, 1.

24. Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor, Part 3—Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company, National Metal Trades Association, January 14–15, 21–23 1937 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1937), 762, 973, 975, 773, 775–76, 779, 782, 805–07; Richard L. Strout, “Grim Stories are Unfolded of Labor and Radicalism,” Christian Science Monitor, January 15, 1937, 5.

25. Clinch Calkins, Spy Overhead (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1937), 18–19. Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor Parts 47–75, Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor, Report Parts 1–10 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942–1944); Kevin Starr, Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 268, 269.

26. “Cuts Both Ways, Lawyer Explains,” Atlanta Constitution, April 13, 1937, 8; Sidney Olson, “S.R.O. Sign Out at Senate Hearings for ‘Bloody Harlan’ Drama,” Washington Post, April 25, 1937, B1; Crawford, The Pressure Boys, 80–89; 108–11; Auerbach, Labor and Liberty, 120–21,151, 159–64; Gross, The Making of the National Labor Relations Board, 223–25.

27. Erick Schickler and Devin Caughey, “Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism 1936-1945,” Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 2 (October 2011): 162–89, 163–64, 170–73; Luft, Commonsense Anticommunism, 153–55, 157–66.

28. “Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor Part 17–22; Saposs, David J. and Bliss, Elizabeth T., Anti-Union Activities in the United States (New York: League for Industrial Democracy, June 1938), 8, 18, 21–22, 26Google Scholar; Silverberg, Louis B., “Citizens’ Committees: Their Role in Industrial Conflict,” Public Opinion Quarterly 5, no. 1 (March 1941): 17–37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29. Dorothea Lange, “Billboard on U.S. Highway 99 in California,” March 1937, Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-19609, Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection (hereafter FSA/OWI), PPD/LC.

30. John Vachon, “It’s the American Way,” April 1940, Dubuque, Iowa, Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-fsa-Ba05397, FSA/OWI, PPD/LC.

31. John Vachon, “I’m Proud I’m an American,” April 1940, Dubuque, Iowa, Reproduction Number: LC-USF33-T01-001695-M2, FSA/OWI, PPD/LC.

32. Stuart Ewen, PR! A Social History of Spin (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 303–23; Wendy Wall, Inventing the ‘American Way’: The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 34–35, 48–56; George E. Sokolsky, The American Way of Life (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1939); “Dies Opens War on Propagandists,” New York Times, August 4, 1938, 1; Sidney Olson, “Dies, a Tough Texan, Can’t be Laughed Off, Administration Finds,” Washington Post, October 30, 1938, B3; Crawford, The Pressure Boys, 109–11; 276–89, 295; Luft, Commonsense Anticommunism, 162–71; Gross, The Reshaping of the National Labor Relations Board, 61–84.

33. Harris and Ewing, “Head of Republic Steel Quizzed by Senator Civil Liberties Committee,” Washington, DC, August 11, 1938, Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-hec-24910, H & E C, PPD/LC.

34. Sidney Olson, “Tom Girdler Subpoenaed in Steel Inquiry,” Washington Post, July 24, 1938, M1; Louis Stark, “Strike ‘Arms’ Cash Laid to Steel Man,” New York Times, August 1, 1938, 7; Louis Stark, “Girdler Attacks NLRB as One-Sided,” New York Times, August 12, 1938, 1; U.S. Senate Committee on Education and Labor, Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor: Part 34—“Little Steel”—Republic Steel Corporation, August 11, 1938 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1938), 17790, 13791; 13903; 13862–873; Blankenhorn to Wolhforth, June 2, 1955, Wohlforth/TL; Crawford, The Pressure Boys, 127–43; Ervin, Home-Grown Liberal, 23–35; “La Follette Inquisitors Call Weir to Testify,” Wall Street Journal, February 28, 1938, 1; Walter Trohan, “Civil Liberties Senate Body in Fight for Life,” Chicago Tribune, April 24, 1938, 1; Louis B. Silverberg, “Citizens’ Committees: Their Role in Industrial Conflict,” Public Opinion Quarterly 5, no. 1 (March 1941): 17–37.

35. Statement of John P. Frey, August 13, 1938, House of Representatives, Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Hearings by the Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, Vol. 1, August 12–13, 15–20, 22–23, 1938 (Washington, DC: subpoena, l938) (hereafter Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities), 192, 95, 96, 97, 106, 107, 91; Crawford, The Pressure Boys, 110, 111–13, 115–20; Dolores E. Janiewski, “Through a Glass, Darkly: The NLRB, Employer Counteroffensives, Investigative Committees, and the CIO,” in Against Labor: How U.S. Employers Organized to Defeat Union Activism, eds. Rosemary Feuerer and Chad Pearson (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2017), 129–58, 136.

36. Crawford, The Pressure Boys, 111–14, 129–31, vii; “West Coast Investigation—Civil Liberties;” folder: La Follette Committee, 1938—Reports, etc. West Coast Study,” box 1, Wolhforth/TL; Ervin, Home-Grown Liberal, 227–28; Janiewski, “Through a Glass, Darkly,” 138; John J. Abt with Michael Myerson, Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993) 59, 60, 61; folder: Matthews, J. B. Mr. & Mrs., 1937–40, box 87, George E. Sokolsky Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA; Joseph Brown Matthews, August 22, 1938, Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, Vol. 1, 869, 880, 882, 891–92, 905; J. B. Matthews, Odyssey of a Fellow Traveler (New York: Mount Vernon Publishers, 1938); Robert M. Lichtman, “J. B. Matthews and the Counter-Subversives: Names as a Political and Financial Resource in the McCarthy Era,” American Communist History 5, no.1 (June 2006): 1–36.

37. Sidney Olson, “Ex-Communist Is Accuser,” Washington Post, October 19, 1938, 1; John Fisher, “Class Murphy, La Follette as Agitators’Aids,” Chicago Tribune, October 22, 1938, 1; Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, Vol.2 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1938); Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, Vol 3 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1939); “Paul Sifton, cited by Dies Witness,” New York Times, November 8, 1938, 8; Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, Vol. 4 (Government Printing Office: Washington, DC: 1939), 3020–24; “Blow to Sit-Downs in Michigan Seen,” New York Times, November 10, 1938, 16; Schickler and Caughey, “Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936-1945,” 172; Luft, Commonsense Anticommunism, 169–77.

38. “A.F.L. Charges NLRB Member Favors C.I.O.,” Washington Post, May 3, 1939, 1; R.W. Winstead to H. A. Berman and Robert Wohlforth, “Progress Report,” November 22, 1938, folder: La Follette Committee, 1938—Reports, etc. West Coast Study,” box 1, Wolhforth/TL; “Lewis Links Green to ‘Reactionaries,’ Assails A. F. L. Bills,” New York Times, April 30, 1939, 1; Harris and Ewing, “John Frey Denounces CIO Charges that AF of L Amendments Draft in Collusion with Business,” Washington, DC, May 15, 1939, H & E C, PPD/LC; Malcolm Ross, Death of a Yale Man (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939), as quoted in S. T. Williamson, “Personal History of a Young New Dealer,” New York Times, April 2, 1939, 94.

39. Harris and Ewing, c. May 1939, Reproduction Number LC-DIG- hec-26809, H & E C, PPD/LC.

40. Harris and Ewing, June 2, 1939, Reproduction Number LC-DIG-hec-26783, H & E C, PPD/LC.

41. Crawford, The Pressure Boys, 110; Senate Subcommittee on S. 1970, Oppressive Labor Practices Act: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor May 25–26–June 1–2, 5–7, and 13, 1939 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1939), 75, 1, 98, 99, 102, 202, 204; “Lewis Petitions Labor Blacklist on U.S. Projects,” Christian Science Monitor, June 6, 1939, 6; “Rap La Follette Bill as ‘Trojan Horse’ Shield,” Chicago Tribune, May 21, 1940, 9.

42. Staff is Appointed for NLRB Inquiry,” New York Times, September 10, 1939, 9; “NLRB Files Taken for Inquiry Check,” New York Times, December 10, 1939, 1; “’Sensations’ Hinted at in House NLRB Inquiry,” Washington Post, December 10, 1939, 8; “Investigators Quiz Leiserson on Strife in the NLRB,” Wall Street Journal, December 12, 1939; John B. Oakes, “NLRB Action Like OGPU’s, Hearing Told,” Washington Post, December 12, 1939, 1; John B. Oakes, “Leiserson Admits He Sought Ouster of Witt,” Washington Post, December 12, 1939; John B. Oakes, “NLRB Policy Wrong, Says Leiserson,” Washington Post, December 13, 1939, 1; Ernest K. Lindley, “Leiserson vs. Witt,” Washington Post, December 15, 1939, 21; “Says NLRB Aides Assisted in Strike,” New York Times, December 15, 1939, 1.

43. John B. Oakes, “Frey Urges Law to Bar Union Cash in Campaigns,” Washington Post, December 15, 1939, 1; “E. S. Smith Clashes with House Group on Boycott ‘Help,’” New York Times, December 16, 1939, 1; “Manufacturers Call NLRB Menace to U.S.,” Washington Post, December 21, 1939, 32; “Green Says Inquiry Shows NLRB Biased,” New York Times, December 21, 1939, 18; Willard Edwards, “NLRB Forces Reds on Unions-Green,” Chicago Tribune, January 26, 1940, 1; John B. Oakes, “NLRB Economist Advocated Revolution, Toland Implies,” Washington Post, February 15, 1940, 2; “NLRB Fosters Reds, Examiner Charges,” New York Times, March 20, 1940, 1; “Real Labor Board Right is on Economics Issue,” Christian Science Monitor, March 23, 1940, 2; “Saposs Denies He is Red,” New York Times, April 19, 1940, 11; “Saposs Asserts He Never Was a Communist,” Washington Post, April 19, 1940, 2; “NLRB Aide Accused of ‘Red’ Teachings,” Christian Science Monitor, April 27, 1940, 2; Willard Edwards, “Bare NLRB Aid’s Memo Smearing Justice Roberts,” Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1940, 18; Louis Stark, “Labor Act Decision Called ‘Surrender,’” New York Times, April 30, 1940, 16; Statement of Heber Blankenhorn, April 29, 1940, National Labor Relations Act, Vol 20, 4254–96; Statement of Heber Blankenhorn, April 30–May 1, 1940, U.S. House, National Labor Relations Act: Hearings by Special Committee to Investigate the NLRA, Vol 21, April 30–May 1, 1940 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1940), 4397–4442; Statement of Edwin S. Smith, May 2–3, 1940, U.S. House, National Labor Relations Act: Hearings by Special Committee to Investigate the NLRA, Vol 22 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1940), 4512–58; Willard Edwards, “C.I.O. Spurred on by NLRB Aid to Organize Steel,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1940, 2; “NLRB-C.I.O. Link Seen in Case of Steel,” Christian Science Monitor, May 2, 1940, 9; Louis Stark, “NLRB Aides Linked to Drive on Steel,” New York Times, May 2, 1940, 1; Hedley Donovan, “U.S. Aide Urged C.I.O. Drive, Letter Reveals,” Washington Post, May 2, 1940, 2; “Witness Says Smith, Bridges Met at Night,” Atlanta Constitution, May 7, 1940, 2; “Says Radical Ideas Permeate the NLRB,” New York Times, September 20, 1940, 24; Gross, The Reshaping of the National Labor Relations Board, 109–86; Luft, Commonsense Anticommunism, 188–93.

44. Joseph G. Harrison, “Congress to Speed Defense,” Christian Science Monitor, May 24, 1940, 1; Lewis Wood, “Alien Registering Asked in Defense,” New York Times, May 24, 1940, 1; “Roosevelt Has Dies Data,” New York Times, May 25, 1940, 4; “FBI Creates Unit to War on 5th Columnists,” Washington Post, June 2, 1940, 1; “Miss Perkins Demands Ousting of Reds from Labor Movement,” New York Times, June 1940, 4, 25; “Roosevelt Signs Bill to List Aliens,” New York Times, June 30, 1940, 5; “Communist Prober Benjamin Mandel,” Washington Post, August 10, 1973, C4; Ervin, Home-Grown Liberal, 268–69; Storrs, The Second Red Scare and the Unmaking of the New Deal Left, 58–61; Harris and Ewing, “In Spotlight at NLRB Investigation,” December 14, 1939, Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-hec-27819, H & E C, PPD/LC.

45. “President Speeds Defense Program,” New York Times, May 2, 1940, 1; Headley Donovan, “NLRB Dismisses Saposs Division,” Washington Post, October 13, 1940, 5; Arthur Sears Henning, “Naming Millis to NLRB Deals Radicals Blow,” Chicago Tribune, November 16, 1940, 2; Gross, Reshaping the National Labor Relations Board, 226–44; James A. Gross, “Economics, Politics, and the Law: The NLRB’s Division of Economic Research, 1935-1940,” Cornell Law Review 55, no. 3 (February 1970): 321–47, 341–42; John B. Oakes, “3 Officials Quit NLRB after Millis is Appointed,” Washington Post, November 16, 1940, 1; Julius Cohen and Lillian Cohen, “The National Labor Relations Board in Retrospect,” ILR Review 1, no. 4 (July 1948): 648–56, 650, 656; H. Blankenhorn, “A Labor Adviser,” New York Times, January 2, 1956, 21.

46. Oscar Van Cott to Senator Elbert Thomas, April 28, 1943, calls Lewis a “traitor”; Citizens of Wetumka and Elmore County, Petition, January 20, 1943; Textile Workers of America, C.I.O., “Toward a New Day,” c. 1943, 14; folder: War Department, box 52, Elbert D. Thomas Papers, Utah Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah (hereafter Thomas/UHS); Schickler and Caughey, “Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936-1945,” 173–74, 176; Suzanne Mettler, Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 16–23; Gilbert J. Gall, “Constant Vigilance: The Heritage of the AFL’s Response to Right to Work Legislation, 1943-1949,” Labor Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (Fall 1984): 190–202; Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, “Statement of Principles,” 1944, folder 5, box 1146, Cecil B. Demille Papers, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; Gibert J. Gall, Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), 206; Cecil B. DeMille, “Statement of Cecil B. DeMille, March 17, 1945, Omaha, Nebraska, 12, 14, folder: Labor 1947, box 120, Thomas/UHS.

47. “President Speeds Defense Program,” New York Times, May 2, 1940, 1; Headley Donovan, “NLRB Dismisses Saposs Division,” Washington Post, October 13, 1940, 5; Arthur Sears Henning, “Naming Millis to NLRB Deals Radicals Blow,” Chicago Tribune, November 16, 1940, 2; Gross, Reshaping the National Labor Relations Board, 226–44; James A. Gross, “Economics, Politics, and the Law: The NLRB’s Division of Economic Research, 1935-1940,” Cornell Law Review 55, no. 3 (February 1970): 321–47, 341–42; John B. Oakes, “3 Officials Quit NLRB after Millis is Appointed,” Washington Post, November 16, 1940, 1; Julius Cohen and Lillian Cohen, “The National Labor Relations Board in Retrospect,” ILR Review 1, no. 4 (July 1948): 648–56, 650, 656; H. Blankenhorn, “A Labor Adviser,” New York Times, January 2, 1956, 21.

48. Schickler and Caughey, “Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936-1945, 178; Rosenfarb, Joseph, “Protection of Basic Rights,” in The Wagner Act: After Ten Years, ed. Silverberg, Louis G. (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1945), 91–99, 92, 93, 94, 96–97Google Scholar. Edwin Amenta and Theda Skockpol, “Redefining the New Deal: World War II and the Development of Social Provision in the United States,” in The Politics of Social Policy in the United States, eds. Margaret Weir, Ann Shola Orloff, and Theda Skocpol (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 81–122, 122.

49. Robert M. La Follette, Jr., “Turn the Light on Communism,” Collier’s Weekly, February 8, 1947, 22, 73–74; Marquis Child, “Wisconsin’s Name: La Follette and McCarthy,” Washington Post, May 3, 1950, 13; Gall, Pursuing Justice, 207–15; E. W. Kenworthy, “In the Shadow of the President,” New York Times, August 5, 1956, BR2; Howard Seelye, “Voorhis Recalls Nixon’s Entry into Politics,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 1971, 1; Richard Pearson, “Ex-Rep Jerry Voorhis Dies, Lost Race to Nixon in 1946,” Washington Post, September 12, 1984, C7.

50. Nelson Lichtenstein, “Politicized Unions and the New Deal Model: Labor, Business and Taft-Hartley,” in Milkis and Mileur, The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism (Cambridge: University of Massachusetts Press), 135–65, 151–59; NLRB, “1947 Taft-Hartley Passage and NLRB Structural Changes” and “Our History,” NLRB, accessed May 11, 2018, from https://www.nlrb.gov/who-we-are/our-history/1947-taft-hartley-passage-and-nlrb-structural-changes; “Senate Kills Veto; Labor Act Law,” Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1947, 1; H. Blankenhorn, “A Labor Adviser”; “NLRB Counsel Resigns,” New York Times, June 24, 1947, 2; “Glushien Quits NLRB,” New York Times, July 1, 1947, 15; “Ex-NLRB Counsel Assails Labor Act,” New York Times, July 17, 1947, 11; “NLRB Legal Aide Quits,” New York Times, August 7, 1947, 19; Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor’s War at Home: The CIO in World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 238–41; Louis Stark, “Compromise Fails in C.I.O. War,” New York Times, October 31, 1949, 1; Louis Stark, “Two Leftist Unions Expelled by C.I.O.,” New York Times, November 3, 1949, 1.

51. “Confidential Data withheld in Loyalty Case Inquiry,” Christian Science Monitor, August 3, 1948, 7; Willard Edwards, “New Deal Red Coverup Told,” Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1948, 1; “Four New Dealers Linked to a Spy Ring by Ex-Red,” Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1948, 1; C. P. Trussell, “Red ‘Underground’ in Federal Posts Alleged by Editor,” New York Times, August 4, 1948, 1; Mary Spargo, “List Includes Nathan Witt, Alger Hiss, and Lee Pressman,” Washington Post, August 4, 1948, 1; John D. Morris, “Passer of Secrets of U.S. to Red Aide,” New York Times, December 5, 1948, 1; “Spy Documents,” Washington Post, December 5, 1948, M28; “Hiss-Chambers,” Washington Post, June 2, 1949, 10; Judith Stepan-Norris and Maurice Zeitlin, Left Out: Reds and America’s Industrial Unions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 173–74.

52. William R. Conklin, “Hiss Guilty on Both Perjury Counts,” New York Times, 22, 1950, 1; “GOP Presses War against Communism,” Christian Science Monitor, February 13, 1950, 12; “Choice for Republicans,” Christian Science Monitor, March 28, 1950, 20; Joseph A. Luftus, “C.I.O. Expels 3 More Unions,” New York Times, February 16, 1950, 1; C. P. Trussell, “Abt, Witt, Kramer Defy House Group,” New York Times, September 2, 1950, 6; “The Story of the Plot to Communize America,” Detroit Free Press, editorial, Los Angeles Times, October 30, 1950, A5; folder: 1950 Campaign Clippings, box 199, Thomas/UHS; Marquis Childs, “Pepper vs. Smathers: Red Label in Florida,” Washington Post, April 25, 1950, 8; “Pepper Defeat Hailed as a Loss for Socialism,” Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1950, 4; W; Folders 4366–69: Campaign General Series, Frank Porter Graham Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; folder: Research—Lonigan Files, “Helen G. Douglas,” folder: Research—Lonnigan-Helen Gahagan Douglas Speeches; Series 1: Campaign 1950, box 1, Richard Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers Series, Richard Nixon Presidential Library, Yorba Linda, CA; Richard L. Strout, “Trend Set by Mc’Carthy,” Christian Science Monitor, November 8, 1950, 1; Ewen, PR!, 366–67, 369.

53. Whittaker Chambers, Witness (New York: Random House, 1952), 344–50; Murray Marder, “Four Ex-Reds Give Advice to Senators,” Washington Post, May 30, 1952, 7; Heber Blankenhorn to Robert Wolhforth, May 7, 1952, Robert La Follette, Jr., “An Affidavit,” February 6, 1953, folder: Correspondence “B,” box 1, Wohlforth/TL; “Former Senator La Follette Takes Own Life,” Los Angeles Times, February 25, 1953, 1; “Ex-Senator La Follette Ends Life with a Gun in Washington Home,” New York Times, February 25, 1953, 1.

54. Ira Katznelson, Kim Geiger, and Daniel Kryder, “Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933-1950,” Political Science Quarterly 108, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 283–306; Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1994), 37–38, 54; Marc Dixon, “Limiting Labor: Business Political Mobilization and Union Setback in the States,” Journal of Policy History 19, no. 3 (2007): 313–44; Amenta and Skocpol, “Redefining the New Deal,” 122; Ellen Dannin, “NLRA Values, Labor Values, American Values,” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 26, no. 2 (2005): 223–74; Nelson Lichtenstein, “From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era,” in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980, eds. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 122–52, 140–45; Roosevelt, State of the Union Message to Congress, January 11, 1944.