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From Counter-Insurgency to Narco-Insurgency: Vietnam and the International War on Drugs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2009

Jeremy Kuzmarov
Jeremy Kuzmarov
Affiliation:
Bucknell University
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Extract

If we have found we cannot be the world's policeman, can we hope to become the world's narc?

In the January 1968 issue of the Washingtonian magazine, the son of the great American novelist John Steinbeck made his professional journalistic debut with the publication of a controversial article, “The Importance of Being Stoned in Vietnam.” John Steinbeck IV, who served as a roving correspondent for the Pacific Stars and Stripes, wrote that marijuana of a potent quality was grown naturally in Vietnam, sold by farmers at a fraction of the cost than in the United States, and could be obtained “more easily than a package of Lucky Strikes cigarettes.” He estimated that up to 75 percent of soldiers in Vietnam got high regularly. “The average soldier sees that for all intents and purposes, the entire country is stoned,” Steinbeck observed. “To enforce a prohibition against smoking the plant [in Vietnam] would be like trying to prohibit the inhalation of smog in Los Angeles.”2

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Articles
Information
Journal of Policy History , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , July 2008 , pp. 344 - 378
Copyright
Copyright © The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 2008

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References

Notes

1. Greenway, H. D. S., “The Book the cia Couldn't Put Down: A Review of the Politics of Heroin by Alfred W. McCoy” Life Magazine, 20 10 1972, cia files, RDP80, 2000/05/15 (National Archives, College Park, Md.)Google Scholar.

2. See Steinbeck, John IV, “The Importance of Being Stoned in Vietnam,” Washingtonian Magazine, 01 1968, 33–38Google Scholar.

3. Steinbeck, John IV, In Touch (New York, 1969), 77Google Scholar.

4. Personal interview, Dr. Roger Roffman, University of Washington, School of Social Work, November 2004 (telephone), Stanton, M. D., “Drugs, Vietnam, and the Vietnam Veteran: An Overview,” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (03 1976): 557–570Google Scholar.

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19. “Fresh Disclosures on Drugs and gi's” U.S. News & World Report, 6 April 1970, 32; Hearings on Drug Abuse in the Armed Forces, Part 21 (Washington, D.C., 1971), 278.

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22. Washington Post, 9 August 1970, A3.

23. Interview with Pvt. Marvin Matthiak, Vietnam Archives, Douglas Pike Virtual Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, Oral History Project, www.vietnam.ttu.edu.

24. Roger A. Roffman, “Survey of Marijuana Use: Prisoners Confined in the USARV Installation Stockade as of July 1, 1967,” In Pike, and Goldstein, , “History of Drug Use in the Military,” Drug Use in America: Problem in Perspective (Washington, D.C., 1973)Google Scholar, “Memo for the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower),” 9 November 1967; DP&P (National Archives, College Park, Md.), box 4, folder 12.

25. Roffman, and Sapol, , “Marijuana in Vietnam: A Survey of Use among Army Enlisted Men in the Two Southern Corp,” International Journal of the Addictions (05 1970): 15–16Google Scholar; Personal interview, Roger Roffman, University of Washington School of Social Work, 1 November 2004 (telephone); “Drug Abuse—Game Without Winners: A Basic Handbook for Commanders,” Armed Forces Information Services, 1968, Department of Defense, “Report on Drug Abuse in the Republic of Vietnam,” Records of the U.S. Army Vietnam, DP&P, box 4, folder 12.

26. “Alleged Drug Abuse in the Armed Services,” Hearings Before the Special Senate Subcommittee, 91st Cong., 2nd sess., 1277; Personal interview, Dr. Roger R. Roffman, University of Washington School of Social Work, 1 November 2004 (telephone).

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29. Personal interview, Dr. Jerome H. Jaffe, 25 February 2005 (telephone).

30. See Flamm, Michael, Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 2005)Google Scholar; Alsop, Stewart, “The Smell of Death,” Newsweek, 1 02 1971, 76Google Scholar.

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33. See Lembcke, Jerry Lee, The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory, and the Legacy of Vietnam (New York, 1998), 114Google Scholar; Franklin, H. Bruce, “The Antiwar Movement We Are Supposed to Forget,” in Vietnam and Other American Fantasies (Amherst, 2000)Google Scholar. For an emblematic article-quoting counter-demonstrators who question their credibility at an antiwar rally, see “Veterans Discard Medals in War Protest at Capital,” New York Times, 24 April 1971, 1.

34. Lee Robins, N., The Vietnam Drug User Returns (SAODAP Monograph Series) A, no. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1974)Google Scholar; “Narcotic Use in Southeast Asia and Afterwards: An Interview of 898 Returnees,” Archives of General Psychiatry (August 1975); Michael, Laurie Beth, An Investigation of the Substance Abuse Behavior of Men of the Vietnam Generation (Ph.D diss., Columbia University, 1980)Google Scholar; Rohrbaugh, et al. , “Effects of the Vietnam Experience on Subsequent Drug Use Among Servicemen,” International Journal of the Addictions (09 1974): 25–40Google Scholar; Claiborne, William, “gi Drug Use Figure Raised, But Few Are Still Addicted,” Washington Post, 24 04 1973, A1Google Scholar.

35. See Glassner, Barry, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things (New York, 1999)Google Scholar.

36. See, for example, BG Ursano, USARV to Headquarters, USARV, 26 September 1970, CIB, box 1, “Instructional Lesson Plan for Drug Abusers in Vietnam”; Department of the Army, USAV, 1971, Drug Abuse Game Without Winners: A Basic Handbook for Commanders, Department of Defense Information Service (Washington, D.C., 1968); “Why We Smoke Marijuana: An Interview with Frank Bartimo” Family, 18 March 1970.

37. “The World Drug Traffic and Its Impact on U.S. Security,” Hearings Before the Select Subcommittee, Committee of the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 2nd sess., Part 4, South East Asia (Washington, D.C., 1972), 125–26, pt. 1, 58; Weimer, Daniel, “Drugs as Disease: Heroin, Metaphors, and Identity in Nixon's Drug War,” Janus Head (06 2003): 273Google Scholar; “Interview with Lewis W. Walt,” cbs News, 14 September 1972 (transcript).

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39. Marcus J. Gordon, Regional Director, usaid Danang to Lt. General Lewis W. Walt, Commanding General III Marine Amphibious Force, Danang, RVN, 9 July 1966, ibid.

40. “Narcotics in Vietnam,” 15 November 1967, bndd, box 164, File Vietnam.

41. Wilbert Penberthy, District Supervisor, No. 16, to Commissioner of Narcotics, 30 November 1967, bndd, box 164, File Vietnam, 1953–1967; “Marijuana,” John D. Enright, Assistant Commissioner, Department of Customs to Mr. Lawrence Fleishman, Assistant Commissioner, Investigations, Bureau of Customs, 21 March 1967, bndd, box 164, File Vietnam. “Proposed Phases of Implementation of Plan to Expand the Narcotic Law Enforcement Effort of the National Police,” Major Frank W. McBee, CORDS to John F. Manopoli, 26 November 1968, Office of Public Safety, Vietnam Division, Narcotics, box 110, folder 3 (hereafter ops).

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44. “Drugs in Vietnam” USAV Provost Marshall Briefing, DP&P, box 4, folder 2.

45. Captain Howard McLendon, “Illegal or Improper Use of Drugs,” Department of the Army, 1 June 1968, DP&P, box 9, folder 6; Major General John H. Cushman, “Letter to be read to each serviceman in the Delta,” 28 June 1971, USAV, Criminal Investigation Division, box 5, folder 1 (hereafter CIB); Wolkerstorfer, J. T., “General, Troops Put the Rap on Drugs,” Pacific Stars and Stripes, 6 08 1971, 7Google Scholar.

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119. “aid Influence in Law Enforcement Community,” Memo Egil Krogh to Byron Engle, Jack Caufield, Gordon Liddy, EKP, box 3, folder 2.

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129. “Narcotics—Kriangsak Proposal,” American embassy Bangkok to Secretary of State, 5 December 1971, Research and Development Thailand (National Archives, College Park, Md.) box 3099 (hereafter R&D Thailand); “The Narcotics Situation in Southeast Asia: Report of a Special Study Mission by Lester Wolff,” January–February 1973 (Washington, D.C., 1973), 5; Anderson, Jack, “Thai Opium Bonfire Mostly Fodder,” Washington Post, 31 07 1972, B11.Google Scholar

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