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12. Ibid., 178, 181.

13. Ibid., 291.

14. Holt, Michael F., “Change and Continuity in the Party Period: The Substance and Structure of American Politics, 1835–1885,” in Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000, ed. Shafer, Byron E. and Badger, Anthony J. (Lawrence, Kan., 2001), 106Google Scholar. Holt used the phrase “plasticity” to refer to the malleability of the existing political parties.

15. Usselman, Regulating Railroad Innovation, xiii. See also idem, “Patents, Engineering Professionals, and the Pipelines of Innovation: The Internalization of Technical Discovery by Nineteenth-Century American Railroads,” in Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms, and Countries, ed. Naomi Lamoreaux, Daniel Raff, and Peter Temin (Chicago, 1999), 61–101.

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21. Bensel, Political Economy, 526.

22. Katznelson, Ira, “Flexible Capacity: The Military and Early American Statebuilding,” in Shaped by War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development, ed. Katzlenson, Ira and Shefter, Martin (Princeton, 2002), 89.Google Scholar