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37. Munts, Bargaining for Health, chaps. 5 and 6; Root, Lawrence S., Fringe Benefits: Social Insurance in the Steel industry (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1982).Google Scholar In 1949, health and welfare issues were central in 55 percent of all strikes; in the first half of 1950, 70 percent of all strikes were over these issues. , Stevens, “In the Shadow of the Welfare State,” 129Google Scholar.

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40. Bert Seidman, former director of the department of social security, AFL-CIO, Interview, Washington, D.C., 13 June 1996; and Bert Seidman, memo to Al Barkan et al., 21 May 1970, re: Health and Welfare Trusts and National Health Insurance, attachment, p. 2, AFLCIO Department of Legislation Collection, Box 25, Folder 24, “Health Insurance.”

41. NCCMP, “Taft-Hartley, Multiemployer Health & Welfare Plans,” p. 2;Google ScholarU.S. General Accounting Office, “Employer-Based Health Plans; Issues, Trends, and Challenges Posed by ERISA” (Washington, D.C., 1995), 39;Google Scholar “Health Care ‘Reform’ Should NOT Come at the Expense of the Building Trades!!!,” mimeo, n.d., received from James S. Ray, legislative representative, NCCMP; and Laborers' Health & Security Fund of America, “Cost Shifting: Who Shoulders the Burden of the Health Care Crisis?” report (Washington, D.C.: Laborers' Health & Safety Fund, n.d.).

42. Purcell, Leo J., letter to Robert Georgine, 28 January 1991,Google Scholar Personal Files of Robert McGarrah, director of public policy AFSCME headquarters, Washington, D.C. (hereafter McGarrah Papers).

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52. After Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992, the ILGWU did begin to qualify its support of national health insurance and to indicate its willingness to support health-care proposals based on the employer mandate and the preservation of the Taft-Hartley arrangements. See Gottschalk, Marie, The Shadow Welfare State: Business and U.S. Health-Care Policy (Ithica, N.Y.: forthcoming), chap. 7Google Scholar.

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66. For example, employers have used the ERISA preemption to mount successful challenges to prevailing wage laws, state standards for the certification or training of apprentices, and state mandates in the area of workers' compensation coverage.

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89. David Abernethy, former majority staff director, Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, Interview, Washington, D.C., 14 June 1996.

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97. Abetnethy, Interview.

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102. Alan Reuther, legislative director, UAW, Interview, Washington, D.C., 7 June 1996.

103. See, for example, Sweeney, John J., editorial, Industrial and Allied Update (Spring-Summer 1991).Google Scholar In 1991, Sweeney tried to get the Ohio AFL-CIO to rescind its support of legislation that would create a single-payer system in Ohio.

104. Gerald M. Shea, assistant to the president for governmental affairs, AFL-CIO, Interview, Washington, D.C., 13 June 1996.

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