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15. Melosi, Garbage in the Cities, 156–58. For an alternative perspective on the widely held view that collection service generally has been inadequate in neighborhoods heavily populated with minorities and/or the poor, see Jones, Bryan D., Service Delivery in the City (New York, 1980), 118–35.Google Scholar

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47. The notion that refuse was a health hazard grew out of English studies in the mid-nineteenth century that linked communicable disease to filthy environmental conditions. This revelation led to the use of “environmental sanitation” to combat disease. After 1880 “contagionists” made great strides in convincing sanitarians and public health officials that many diseases had a bacteriological cause, and environmental sanitation, while still in practice, was subordinated to more modern epidemic-combatting practices. See Melosi, Garbage in the Cities, 12, 26–33, 80–84, 113–14, 153–55, 197–207.

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66. Kovacs, “Legislation and Involved Agencies,” 19.

67. Menell, “Beyond the Throwaway Society,” 674.