1. A classic display of such anxieties is Alchon, Guy, “Policy History and the Sublime Immodesty of the Middle Age Professor,” Journal of Policy History 9 (1997): 358–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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3. Mathews, Donald G. and De Hart, Jane Sherron, Sex, Gender, and the Politics of ERA: A State and the Nation (New York, 1990).Google Scholar For other perspectives that focus on the democratic process, see Berry, Mary Frances, Why ERA Failed: Politics, Women’s Rights, and the Amending Process of the Constitution (Bloomington, 1986)Google Scholar, and Mansbridge, Jane J., Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago, 1986).Google Scholar

4. De Hart, Jane S., “Gender on the Right: Meanings Behind the Existential Scream,” Gender and History 3 (1991): 255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Two classic texts here are Koven, Seth and Michel, Sonya, eds., Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York, 1993)Google Scholar, and Skocpol, Theda, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 1992)Google Scholar. For a summary, see Boris, Eileen, “On the Importance of Naming: Gender, Race, and the Writing of Policy History,” Journal of Policy History 17 (2005): 75–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6. De Hart, Jane S., “Welfare as Identity Politics: Rediscovering Nationalism, Re-viewing the American National Experience, and Recasting the ‘Other’ in the Post–Cold War United States,” in Roots and Renewal: Writings by Bicentennial Fulbright Professors, ed. Shackleton, Mark and Toivonen, Maarika (Helsinki, 2001), 30–44.Google Scholar

7. De Hart, “Gender on the Right”: 246–67; De Hart, Jane S., “Equality Challenged: Equal Rights and Sexual Difference,” in Civil Rights in the United States, ed. Graham, Hugh Davis (University Park, Pa., 1994), 40–72.Google Scholar

8. Phillips, Ann, The Politics of Presence (New York, 1995).Google Scholar

9. For example, Muncy, Robyn, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935 (New York, 1991)Google Scholar; Ladd-Taylor, Molly, Mother-Work: Women, Child Welfare, and the State, 1890–1930 (Urbana, 1994)Google Scholar; Gordon, Linda, Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Sklar, Kathryn Kish, Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work: The Rise of Women’s Political Culture, 1830–1900 (New Haven, 1995)Google Scholar; Mink, Gwendolyn, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917–1942 (Ithaca, 1995)Google Scholar; Goodwin, Joanne L., Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform (Chicago, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Michel, Sonya, Children’s Interests/Mothers’ Rights: The Shaping of America’s Child Care Policy (New Haven, 1999)Google Scholar; Kessler-Harris, Alice, In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Oxford, 2001)Google Scholar.

Some have looked at women politicians: Ware, Susan, Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal (Cambridge, 1981)Google Scholar; Perry, Elisabeth I., Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E. Smith (New York, 1987)Google Scholar; Gustafson, Melanie S., Miller, Kristie, and Perry, Elisabeth I., eds., We Have Come to Stay: American Women and Political Parties, 1880–1960 (Albuquerque, 1999)Google Scholar; Cook, Blanche Wiesen, Eleanor Roosevelt: Volume 2, The Defining Years, 1933–1938 (New York, 2000)Google Scholar; Wilkerson-Freeman, Sarah, “The Creation of a Subversive Feminist Dominion: Interracialist Social Workers and the Georgia New Deal,” Journal of Women’s History 13 (Winter 2002): 132–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rymph, Catherine E., Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism from Suffrage Through the Rise of the New Right (Chapel Hill, 2006).Google Scholar

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11. Ibid., 33.

12. Jennifer Mittelstadt, “The American Military Welfare State,” Woodrow Wilson Center, Fall 2008; Michelmore, Molly, “Welfare State/Taxing State: Politics and Policy in Postwar America” (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 2006).Google Scholar

13. De Hart, “Women’s History and Political History,” 34.

14. De Hart, Jane Sherron, “Rights and Representation: Women, Politics, and Power in the Contemporary United States,” in U.S. History as Women’s History: New Feminist Essays, ed. Kerber, Linda K., Kessler-Harris, Alice, and Kish Sklar, Kathryn (Chapel Hill, 1995), 215, 238, 223, 225Google Scholar; for other examples, see Varon, Elizabeth, We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (Chapel Hill, 1998)Google Scholar; Edwards, Rebecca, Angels in the Machinery: Gender and American Party Politics from the Civil War to the Progressive Era (Oxford, 1997)Google Scholar; Baker, Paula, The Moral Frameworks of Public Life: Gender, Politics, and the State in Rural New York (Oxford, 1991).Google Scholar

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17. “Gender on the Right,” 257. See also Boris, Eileen, “‘You Wouldn’t Want One of ‘Em Dancing with Your Wife’: Racialized Bodies on the Job in WWII,” American Quarterly 50 (1998): 77–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Boris, Eileen, “‘The Right to Work Is the Right to Live!’ Fair Employment and the Quest for Social Citizenship,” in Two Cultures of Rights: The Quest for Inclusion and Participation in Modern America and Germany, ed. Berg, Manfred and Geyer, Martin H. (New York, 2002), 121–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18. Mathews and De Hart, Sex, Gender, and the Politics of ERA, xii.

19. “Equality Challenged,” 44. For difference feminism, see Gilligan, Carol, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development (Cambridge, 1982)Google Scholar; Ruddick, Sara, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace (Boston, 1989)Google Scholar; Weedon, Chris, Feminism, Theory, and the Politics of Difference (Oxford, 1999).Google Scholar

20. “Equality Challenged,” 65.

21. “Rights and Representation,” 238.

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