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^2. “Proposal,” Rockefeller Archive Center, North Tarrytown, N.Y.; Record Group 1.1, Series 200, Box 154, Folder 1393. 1 am grateful for the Division of Research Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities for its research support. Special thanks are due Sheldon Reed for allowing me access to his papers and to Peter Coventry, Sharon Durfy, and Robert Resta for insightful comments on earlier drafts of this essay.

^3. Reed, Sheldon, “Heredity Counseling and Research,” Eugenical News 37 (1952): 43.Google Scholar

^4. Reed, Sheldon, Counseling in Medical Genetics (Philadelphia, 1955), 14.Google Scholar

^5. Ibid., 4–15.

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^9. Phelps, , “The Eugenics Crusade of Charles Fremont Dight,” Minnesota History 49 (1984): 99–108Google ScholarPubMed: Sheldon Reed, “A Short History,” 1–3; Swanson, E., “Biographical Sketch of Charles Fremont Dight,” Dight Institute Bulletin, no. 1 (1943), 9–22.Google Scholar

^10. For standard accounts of the founding of Bowman-Gray, see Porter, Ian, “Evolution of Genetic Counseling in America,” in Lubs, H. A. and de la Cruz, F., eds., Genetic Counseling (New York, 1977), 26Google Scholar, and Meads, Marston, The Miracle at Hawthorne (Winston-Salem: Medical Center of Bowman-Gray School of Medicine and North Carolina Baptist Hospital, 1988), 51Google Scholar, where Draper is characterized as “a New York philanthropist with a deep interest in population genetics.” Draper wished to fund individuals and institutions with the proper attitudes toward “(a) miscegenation, (b) immigration quotas, (c) improving population quality by (1) positive, (2) negative measures.” Ruggles Gates to Sheldon Reed, August 13, 1954.

^11. On the Pioneer Fund, see Mehler, Barry, “The New Eugenics: Academic Racism in the U.S. Today,” Science for the People 15 (May/June 1983): 18–23Google Scholar, and essays by Adam Miller, “Professors of Hate,” and J. Sedgwick, “Inside the Pioneer Fund,” in Jacoby, R. and Glauberman, N., eds., The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions (New York, 1994), 162–78Google Scholar, 144–61. On the Rockefeller Foundation, see Paul, Diane B., “The Rockefeller Foundation and the Origins of Behavior Genetics,” in Benson, K. et al., eds., The Expansion of American Biology (New Brunswick, N.J., 1991), 262–83.Google Scholar

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^56. Wertz, Dorothy and Fletcher, John, “Ethical Decision Making in Medical Genetics: Women as Patients and Practitioners in Eighteen Nations,” in Ratcliff, K. et al. , Healing Technology: Feminist Perspectives (Ann Arbor, 1989), 221–41.Google Scholar

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^75. Wertz, “Attitudes Toward Abortion,” 992–96.

^76. U.S. Congress, Cystic Fibrosis and DNA Tests, 18.

^77. Ibid., 151–52. There are currently only about one thousand Master's-level counselors in the United States.

^78. See Press, Nancy A. and Browner, Carol H., “Collective Silences, Collective Fictions: How Prenatal Testing Became Part of Routine Prenatal Care,” in Rothenberg, K. H. and Thomson, E. J., Women and Prenatal Testing: Facing the Challenge of Genetic Technology (Columbus, Ohio, 1994), 201–18.Google Scholar

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