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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 March 2009
An eigenvalue equation is derived for electrostatic waves with frequencies below the ion bounce frequency in a plasma confined by a magnetic quadrupole. This integral equation for the electrostatic potential is developed to second order in the curvature and contains the effects of electron and ion temperature gradients. A dispersion equation for flute modes is derived from it. The present theory applied to the private flux region of the UMIST quadrupole predicts that low-frequency flute modes will propagate in the electron and ion diamagnetic drift directions.