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Electromagnetic instabilities and plasma turbulence driven by electron-temperature gradient

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2022

T. Adkins Open the ORCID record for T. Adkins [Opens in a new window] ,
A.A. Schekochihin Open the ORCID record for A.A. Schekochihin [Opens in a new window] ,
P.G. Ivanov Open the ORCID record for P.G. Ivanov [Opens in a new window]  and
C.M. Roach Open the ORCID record for C.M. Roach [Opens in a new window]
T. Adkins*
Affiliation:
Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK Merton College, Oxford OX1 4JD, UK Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
A.A. Schekochihin
Affiliation:
Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK Merton College, Oxford OX1 4JD, UK
P.G. Ivanov
Affiliation:
Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
C.M. Roach
Affiliation:
Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
*
†Email address for correspondence: [email protected]
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Abstract

Electromagnetic (EM) instabilities and turbulence driven by the electron-temperature gradient (ETG) are considered in a local slab model of a tokamak-like plasma. Derived in a low-beta asymptotic limit of gyrokinetics, the model describes perturbations at scales both larger and smaller than the electron inertial length $d_e$, but below the ion Larmor scale $\rho _i$, capturing both electrostatic and EM regimes of turbulence. The well-known electrostatic instabilities – slab and curvature-mediated ETG – are recovered, and a new instability is found in the EM regime, called the thermo-Alfvénic instability (TAI). It exists in both a slab version (sTAI, destabilising kinetic Alfvén waves) and a curvature-mediated version (cTAI), which is a cousin of the (electron-scale) kinetic ballooning mode. The cTAI turns out to be dominant at the largest scales covered by the model (greater than $d_e$ but smaller than $\rho _i$), its physical mechanism hinging on the fast equalisation of the total temperature along perturbed magnetic field lines (in contrast to kinetic ballooning mode, which is pressure balanced). A turbulent cascade theory is then constructed, with two energy-injection scales: $d_e$, where the drivers are slab ETG and sTAI, and a larger (parallel system size dependent) scale, where the driver is cTAI. The latter dominates the turbulent transport if the temperature gradient is greater than a certain critical value, which scales inversely with the electron beta. The resulting heat flux scales more steeply with the temperature gradient than that due to electrostatic ETG turbulence, giving rise to stiffer transport. This can be viewed as a physical argument in favour of near-marginal steady-state in electron-transport-controlled plasmas (e.g. the pedestal). While the model is simplistic, the new physics that is revealed by it should be of interest to those attempting to model the effect of EM turbulence in tokamak-relevant configurations with high beta and large ETGs.

Keywords

fusion plasmaplasma instabilitiesplasma nonlinear phenomena
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Plasma Physics , Volume 88 , Issue 4 , August 2022 , 905880410
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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