Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T09:04:52.422Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Visual tools and narratives: new ways to improve financial literacy*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2015

ANNAMARIA LUSARDI
Affiliation:
The George Washington University School of Business (e-mail: [email protected])
ANYA SAMEK
Affiliation:
The University of Southern California (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected])
ARIE KAPTEYN
Affiliation:
The University of Southern California (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected])
LEWIS GLINERT
Affiliation:
Dartmouth College (e-mail: [email protected])
ANGELA HUNG
Affiliation:
RAND Corporation (e-mail: [email protected])
AILEEN HEINBERG
Affiliation:
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (e-mail: [email protected])

Abstract

We developed and experimentally evaluated four novel educational programs delivered online: an informational brochure, a visual interactive tool, a written narrative, and a video narrative. The programs were designed to inform people about risk diversification, an essential concept for financial decision-making. The effectiveness of these programs was evaluated using the American Life Panel. Participants were exposed to one of the programs, and then asked to answer questions measuring financial literacy – in particular, risk literacy – and self-efficacy. All of the programs were found to be effective at increasing self-efficacy, and several improved financial literacy, providing new evidence for the value of programs designed to improve financial decision-making.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a grant from the US Social Security Administration (SSA) funded as part of the Financial Literacy Research Consortium. The authors thank participants at the Financial Literacy Center (FLC) workshops in Cambridge, MA, and Washington, DC, for comments, Tania Gutsche for excellent assistance on navigating the American Life Panel, and Anshuman Didwania and Amanda Chuan for research assistance. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not represent the opinions or policy of SSA, any agency of the Federal Government, or any other institution with which the authors are affiliated.

References

Agarwal, Sumit, Driscoll, John C., Gabaix, Xavier and Laibson, David (2009) The age of reason: financial decisions over the life-cycle with implications for regulation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 40(2): 51117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambuehl, Sandro, B. Bernheim, Douglas and Lusardi, Annamaria (2014) Financial education, financial competence, and consumer welfare. No. w20618. National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, Adele (2008) Evidence of impact: an overview of financial education evaluations. Working Paper, University of Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
Bandura, Albert (1989) Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9): 11751184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becchetti, Leonardo, Caiazza, Stefano and Coviello, Decio (2013) Financial education and investment attitudes in high schools: evidence from a randomized experiment. Applied Financial Economics, 23(10): 817836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekker, Hilary L., Winterbottom, Anna E., Butow, Phyllis, Dillard, Amanda J., Feldman-Stewart, Deb, Fowler, Floyd J., Jibaja-Weiss, Maria L., Shaffer, Victoria A. and Volk, Robert J. (2013) Do personal stories make patient decision aids more effective? A critical review of theory and evidence. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13(Suppl 2): S9.Google Scholar
Bernheim, B. Douglas and Garrett, Daniel M. (2003) The effects of financial education in the workplace: evidence from a survey of households. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7): 14871519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernheim, B. Douglas, Garrett, Daniel M. and Maki, Dean M. (2001) Education and saving: the long-term effects of high school financial curriculum mandates. Journal of Public Economics, 80(3): 435465.Google Scholar
Bucher-Koenen, Tabea, Lusardi, Annamaria, Alessie, Rob and van Rooij, Maarten (2012). How financially literate are women? Some new perspectives on the gender gap. No. w31, Network for studies on pensions, aging and retirement.Google Scholar
Brown, Meta, Van der Klaauw, Wilbert; Wen, Jaya and Zafar, Bazit (2013) Financial education and the debt behavior of the young. FRB of New York Staff Report No. 634.Google Scholar
Bruner, Jerome (1987) Life as narrative. Social Research, 54(1): 1132.Google Scholar
Carlin, Bruce Ian and Robinson, David T. (2012 a) What does financial literacy training teach us? Journal of Economic Education, 43(3): 235247.Google Scholar
Carlin, Bruce Ian and Robinson, David T. (2012 b) Financial education and timely decision support: lessons from Junior Achievement. American Economic Review, 102(3): 305308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corby, Nancy H., Enguídanos, Susan M. and Kay, Linda S. (1996) Development and use of role model stories in a community level HIV risk reduction intervention. Public Health Reports, 111(Suppl 1): 5458.Google Scholar
Davidhizar, Ruth and Lonser, Giny (2003). Storytelling as a teaching technique. Nurse Educator, 28(5): 217221.Google Scholar
Drexler, Alejandro, Fischer, Greg and Schoar, Antoinette (2014) Keeping it simple: financial literacy and rules of thumb. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6(2): 131.Google Scholar
Gist, Marilyn E. (1989) The influence of training method on self-efficacy and idea generation among managers. Personnel Psychology, 42(4): 787805.Google Scholar
Gutter, Michael, Copur, Zeynep and Garrison, Selena (2009) Which students are more likely to experience financial socialization opportunities? Exploring the relationship between financial behaviors and financial well-being of college students. Networks Financial Institute Working Paper 2009-WP: 07.Google Scholar
Heinberg, Aileen, Hung, Angela, Kapteyn, Arie, Lusardi, Annamaria, Samek, Anya and Yoong, Joanne (2014) Five steps to planning success: experimental evidence from US households. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 30(4): 697724.Google Scholar
Hinyard, Leslie J. and Kreuter, Matthew W. (2007) Using narrative communication as a tool for health behavior change: a conceptual, theoretical, and empirical overview. Health Education and Behavior, 34(5): 777792.Google Scholar
Holden, Gary (1991) The relationship of self-efficacy appraisals to subsequent health related outcomes: a meta-analysis. Social Work in Health Care, 16(1): 5393.Google Scholar
Houston, Thomas K., Allison, Jeroan J., Sussman, Marc, Horn, Wendy, Holt, Cheryl L., Trobaugh, John, Salas, Maribel, Pisu, Maria, Cuffee, Yendelela, Larkin, Damien, Person, Sharine D., Barton, Bruce, Kiefe, Catarina and Hullett, Sandral (2011) Culturally appropriate storytelling to improve blood pressure: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 154(2): 7784.Google Scholar
Hung, Angela A., Meijer, Erik, Mihaly, Kata and Yoong, Joanne K. (2009) Building up, spending down: financial literacy, retirement savings management, and decumulation. RAND Working Paper No. WR-712.Google Scholar
Kapteyn, Arie, Lee, Jinkook, Tassot, Caroline, Vonkova, Hana and Zamarro, Gema (2015) Dimensions of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 123(3): 625660.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Christine, Weber, Martin and Haisley, Emily (2013) The role of experience sampling and graphical displays on one's investment risk appetite. Management Science, 59(2): 323340.Google Scholar
Keim, Daniel, Andrienko, Gennady, Fekete, Jean-Daniel, Görg, Carsten, Kohlhammer, Jörn and Melançon, Guy (2008) Visual analytics: definition, process, and challenges. Information Visualization, 154175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, Yoram, Levy, Haim and Rapoport, Amnon (1988) Experimental tests of the separation theorem and the capital asset pricing model. American Economic Review, 78(3): 500519.Google Scholar
Lührmann, Melanie, Serra-Garcia, Marta and Winter, Joachim (2015) Teaching teenagers in finance: does it work? Journal of Banking and Finance, 54: 160174.Google Scholar
Lurie, Nicholas H. and Charlotte, H. Mason (2007) Visual representation: implications for decision making. Journal of Marketing, 71(1): 160177.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria (2012) Numeracy, financial literacy, and financial decision-making. Numeracy, 5(1): Article 2.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria (2015) Risk literacy. Italian Economic Journal, 1(1): 523.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and de Bassa Scheresberg, Carlo (2013) Financial literacy and high-cost borrowing in the United States. No. w18969. National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. (2007 a) Baby boomer retirement security: the roles of planning, financial literacy, and housing wealth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 54(1): 205224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia (2007 b) Financial literacy and retirement preparedness: evidence and implications for financial education. Business Economics, 42(1): 3544.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. (2008) Planning and financial literacy: how do women fare? American Economic Review, 98: 413417.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. (2009) How ordinary consumers make complex economic decisions: financial literacy and retirement readiness. No. w15350. National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. (2011 a) Financial literacy and planning: implications for retirement wellbeing. In Mitchell, O. S. and Lusardi, A. (eds), Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace. Oxford University Press, pp. 1739.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. (2011 b) Financial literacy around the world: an overview. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 10(4): 497508.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. (2011 c) Financial literacy and retirement planning in the United States. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 10(4): 509525.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria and Mitchell, Olivia S. (2014) The economic importance of financial literacy: theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1): 140.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria, Mitchell, Olivia S. and Curto, Vilsa (2010) Financial literacy among the young. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2): 358380.Google Scholar
Lusardi, Annamaria, Mitchell, Olivia S. and Curto, Vilsa (2014) Financial sophistication in the older population. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 13(4): 347366.Google Scholar
Mairal, Gaspar (2008) Narratives of risk. Journal of Risk Research, 11(1–2): 4154.Google Scholar
Meier, Stephan and Sprenger, Charles (2013) Discounting financial literacy: time preferences and participation in financial education programs. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 95: 159174.Google Scholar
Michielutte, Robert, Bahnson, Judy, Dignan, Mark B. and Schroeder, Elissa M. (1992) The use of illustrations and narrative text style to improve readability of a health education brochure. Journal of Cancer Education, 7(3): 251260.Google Scholar
Norris, Stephen P., Guilbert, Sandra M., Smith, Martha L., Hakimelahi, Shahram and Phillips, Linda M. (2005) A theoretical framework for narrative explanation in science. Science Education, 89(4): 535563.Google Scholar
Petraglia, Joseph (2007) Narrative intervention in behavior and public health. Journal of Health Communication, 12(5): 493505.Google Scholar
Robins, Richard W., Hendin, Holly M. and Trzesniewski, Kali H. (2001) Measuring global self-esteem: construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27: 151161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, Stephen, Savikhin, Anya and Ebert, David S. (2009) FinVis: applied visual analytics for personal financial planning. In Visual Analytics Science and Technology, 2009. VAST 2009. IEEE Symposium on, pp. 195–202.Google Scholar
Savikhin, Anya (2012) The application of visual analytics to financial decision-making and risk management: notes from behavioral economics. In Victoria, Lemieux (ed.), Financial Analysis and Risk Management: Data Governance, Analytics and Life Cycle Management. Springer, Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Savikhin, Anya, Lam, Hon Cheong, Fisher, Brian and Ebert, David S. (2011) An experimental study of financial portfolio selection with visual analytics for decision support. In System Sciences (HICSS), 44th Hawaii International Conference on, pp. 110.Google Scholar
Shockey, Susan S. and Seiling, Sharon B. (2004) Moving into action: application of the transtheoretical model of behavior change to financial education. Financial Counseling and Planning, 15(1): 4152.Google Scholar
Thomas, James J. and Cook, Kristin A. (eds) (2005) Illuminating the Path: the Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics. IEEE Computer Society Press.Google Scholar
Van Rooij, Maarten, Lusardi, Annamaria and Alessie, Rob (2011) Financial literacy and stock market participation. Journal of Financial Economics, 101(2): 449472.Google Scholar
Van Rooij, Maarten, Lusardi, Annamaria and Alessie, Rob (2012) Financial literacy, retirement planning, and household wealth. Economic Journal, 122: 449478.Google Scholar
Walstad, William B., Rebeck, Ken and MacDonald, Richard A. (2010) The effects of financial education on the financial knowledge of high school students. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(2): 336357.Google Scholar
Yoong, Joanne (2011) Financial illiteracy and stock market participation: evidence from the RAND American Life Panel. In Mitchell, O. S. and Lusardi, A. (eds), Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 7697.Google Scholar