Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T05:17:50.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

New horizons for paleontology, with two examples: The rise and fall of the Cretaceous Supertethys and the cause of the modern ice age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Steven M. Stanley*
Affiliation:
The Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Presidential Address
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aagaard, K., and Carmack, E. C. 1989. The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94:14,485145,498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aagaard, K., Coachman, L. K., and Carmack, E. 1981. On the halocline of The Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research, 28A:529545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aagaard, K., Swift, J. W., and Carmack, E. C. 1985. Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean seas. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90:48334846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, E. J. 1987. Eocene equator-to-pole surface ocean temperatures: a significant problem? Paleoceanography, 2:729739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, E. J., and Peterson, W. H. 1989. Model simulation of the Cretaceous ocean. Science, 244:684686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholomew, J. C. 1967. The Advanced Atlas of Modern Geography. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 108 p.Google Scholar
Berggren, W. A. 1972. Late Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciation. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 12:9531001.Google Scholar
Berggren, W. A. 1977. Plate tectonics and paleocirculation—a commotion in the ocean. Tectonophysics 38:1148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berggren, W. A., and Schnitker, D. 1981. Cenozoic marine environments in the North Atlantic and Norwegian-Greenland Sea, p. 495548. In Bott, M. H. P., Saxov, S., Talwani, M., and Thiede, J. (eds.), Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bohrmann, G., Henrich, R., and Thiede, J. 1990. Miocene to Quaternary paleogeography in the northern North Atlantic: variability in carbonate and biogenic opal accumulation, p. 647675. In Bliel, U. and Thiede, J. (eds.), Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic. Kluwer, Dordrecht.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources. 1993. Solid-Earth Sciences and Society. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 346 p.Google Scholar
Board on Earth Sciences and Resources. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 250 p.Google Scholar
Bonnefille, R. 1985. Evolution of the continental vegetation: the paleobotanical record from East Africa. South African Journal of Science, 81:267–220.Google Scholar
Broecker, W. S. 1987. The biggest chill. Natural History, 97:7482.Google Scholar
Broecker, W. S., and Denton, G. H. 1989. The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53:24652501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzas, M. A., and Culver, S. J. 1994. Species pool and dynamics of marine paleocommunities. Science, 264:14391441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CLIMAP Project Members. 1981. Map 4A. Geological Society of America Map and Chart Series, MC-36.Google Scholar
Cerling, T. 1992. Development of grasslands and savannahs in East Africa during the Neogene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 97:241247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coachman, L. K., and Aagaard, K. 1988. Transports through Bering Strait: annual and interannual variability. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93:15,53515,539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coates, A. G., Jackson, J. B. C., Collins, L. S., Cronin, T. M., Dowsett, H. J., Bybell, L. M., Jung, P., and Obando, J. A. 1992. Closure of the Isthmus of Panama: the near-shore marine record of Costa Rica and western Panama. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104:814828.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, P. 1986. Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction and cold-water oceans. Geology, 14:835839.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowell, J. C., and Frakes, L. A. 1970. Phanerozoic glaciation and the causes of ice ages. American Journal of Science, 268:193224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M. B. 1983. Quaternary history of deciduous forests of eastern North America and Europe. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 70:550563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demenocal, P. B., Oppo, D. W., and Prell, W. L. 1992. Pleistocene d13C variability of North Atlantic intermediate water. Paleoceanography, 7:229250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, R. R., and Brown, J. 1994. The production of North Atlantic deep water: sources, rates, and pathways. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99:12,31912,341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietrich, G. 1957. Allgemeine Meerskunde. Borntraeger, Berlin, 105 p.Google Scholar
Dowsett, H. J., and Wiggs, L. B. 1992. Planktonic foraminiferal assemblage of the Yorktown Formation, Virginia, USA. Micropaleontology, 38:7586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durham, J. W., and Macneil, F. S. 1967. Cenozoic migrations of marine invertebrates through the Bering Strait region, p. 326349. In Hopkins, D. M. (ed.), The Bering Land Bridge. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California.Google Scholar
Ehrmann, L. M., and Kelgwin, L. D. 1987. Middle Pliocene change in planktonic foraminiferal fauna at site 606. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94:921924.Google Scholar
Föllmi, K. B., and Delamette, M. 1991. Model simulation of mid-Cretaceous ocean. Science, 251:94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, T. D., and Middleton, J. H. 1980. Bottom water formation in the western Weddel Sea. Deep-sea Research, 27A:367381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glynn, P. W. 1988. Coral mortality and disturbances to coral reefs in the tropical eastern Pacific, p. 55126. In Glynn, P. W. (ed.), Global Ecological Consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Haq, B. V., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P. 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science, 235:11561167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horrell, M. A. 1991. Phytogeography and paleoclimatic interpretation of the Maestrichtian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 86:87138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. C., and Kauffman, E. G. 1990. Originations, radiations and extinctions of Cretaceous rudistid bivalve species in the Caribbean Province, p. 305324. In Kauffman, E. G. and Walliser, O. H. (eds.), Extinction Events in Earth History. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffman, E. G., and Fagerstrom, J. A. 1993. The Phanerozoic evolution of reefs, p. 315329. In Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D. (eds.), Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Kauffman, E. G., and Johnson, C. C. 1988. The morphological and ecological evolution of middle and Upper Cretaceous reef-building rudists. Palaios, 23:194216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keigwin, L. 1982. Isotopic paleoceanography of the Caribbean and east Pacific: role of Panama uplift in late Neogene time. Science, 217:350353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennett, J. P., and Shackleton, N. J. 1976. Oxygen isotopic evidence for the development of the psychosphere 38 Myr ago. Nature, 260:513515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, H. C., Saunders, A. D., Clift, P. D., Beget, J., Wei, W., Spezzaferri, S., ODP Leg Scientific Party. 1994. Seven million years of glaciation in Greenland. Science, 264:952955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, R. L. 1991. Latest pulse of earth: evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume. Geology, 19:547550.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ledbetter, M. T., Williams, D. F., and Ellwood, B. B. 1987. Late Pliocene climate and south-west Atlantic abyssal circulation. Nature, 272:237239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitus, S., Burgett, R., and Boyer, T. P. 1994. World Ocean Atlas 1994. Volume 3. Salinity. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Locker, S., and Martini, E. 1989. Cenozoic silicoflagellates, ebridians, and actiniscidians from the Varing Plateau (ODP Leg 104). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 104:543585.Google Scholar
Loubere, P., and Moss, K. 1986. Late Pliocene climatic change and the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation as recorded in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97:818828.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ludendyk, B. P., Forsyth, D., and Phillips, J. D. 1972. An experimental approach to the paleocirculation of oceanic surface waters. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83:26492664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahaney, W. C. (ed.). 1989. Quaternary and Environmental Research on East African Mountains. Balkema, Rotterdam, 483 p.Google Scholar
Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., and Crowley, T. 1990. Ocean general circulation model sensitivity experiment with an open Central American isthmus. Paleoceanography 5:349366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manabe, S., and Stouffer, R. J. 1988. Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Journal of Climate, 1:841846.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marincovich, L., Brouwers, E. M., Hopkins, D. M., and Mckenna, M. C. 1990. Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic and paleoclimatic history of the Arctic Ocean basin, based on shallow-water marine faunas and terrestrial vertebrates, p. 403426. In Grantz, A., Johnson, L., and Sweeney, J. F. (eds.), The Geology of North America (L), The Arctic Ocean Region. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, K. G., and Fairbanks, R. G. 1987. Benthic foraminiferal carbon isotopic records and the development of abyssal circulation in the eastern North Atlantic. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94:981996.Google Scholar
Miller, K. G., and Fairbanks, R. G. 1987. Benthic foraminiferal carbon isotopic records and the development of abyssal circulation in the easter North Atlantic. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94:981996.Google Scholar
Murray, J. W. 1987. Benthic foraminifers and Neogene bottom-water masses at Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94 North Atlantic sites. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94:965978.Google Scholar
Oppo, D. W., Raymo, M. E., Lohmann, G. P., Mix, A. C., Wright, J. D., and Press, W. L. 1995. A δ 13C record of the upper North Atlantic deep water during the past 2.6 million years. Paleoceanography, 10:373394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinsenberg, S. J. 1986. On the physical oceanography of Foxe Basin, p. 217234. In Martini, I. P. (ed.), Canadian Inland Seas. Elsevier, Amsterdam.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raffi, S., Stanley, S. M., and Marasti, R. 1985. Biogeographic patterns and Plio-Pleistocene extinction of Bivalvia in the Mediterranean and southern North Sea. Paleobiology, 11:368388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raymo, M. 1995. Plio-Pleistocene evolution of surface ocean pCO2 inferred from POM δ 13C. EOS, 76:S180.Google Scholar
Raymo, M., and Ruddiman, . 1987. Plio-Pleistocene paleoceanography of the North Atlantic at Deep Sea Drilling site 609. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94:895901.Google Scholar
Ruddiman, W. F., Backman, J., Baldauf, J., Hooper, P., Keigwin, L., Miller, K., Raymo, M., and Thomas, E. 1989. Leg 94 environmental synthesis. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 94:12071215.Google Scholar
Schmitz, W. J. 1995. On the interbasin-scale thermohaline circulation. Reviews of Geophysics, 33:151173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, D. B., Mudie, P. J., Baki, V., Mackinnon, K. D., and Cole, F. E. 1989. Biostratigraphy and late Cenozoic paleoceanography of the Arctic Ocean: foraminiferal, lithostratigraphic, and isotopic evidence. Geological Society of Amrica, 101:260277.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, R. W. 1981. Biotic relations in Early Cretaceous coral-algalrudist reefs, Arizona. Journal of Paleontology, 55:463478.Google Scholar
Shackleton, N. J., Backman, J., Zimmerman, H., Kent, D. V., Hall, M. A., Roberts, D. G., Schnitker, D., Baldauf, J. G., Desprairies, A., Homrighausen, R., Huddleston, P., Keene, J. B., Kaltenback, A. J., Krumsiek, K. A. O., Morton, A. C., Murray, J. W., and Westberg-Smith, J. 1984. Oxygen calibration and the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region. Nature, 307:620623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. G., Smith, D. G., and Funnell, B. M. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Coastlines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 99 p.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1986. Anatomy of a regional mass extinction: Plio-Pleistocene decimation of the Western Atlantic bivalve fauna. Palaios, 1:1736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1990. Adaptive radiation and macroevolution. Systematics Association Special Volume, 42:116.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1990. Delayed recovery and the spacing of major extinctions. Paleobiology, 16:401414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1992. An ecological theory for the origin of Homo . Paleobiology, 18:237257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. M. In press. Children of the Ice Age: How a Global Catastrophe Allowed Humans to Evolve. Harmony Books, New York.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M., and Ruddiman, W. F. 1995. Neogene Ice Age in the North Atlantic region: climatic changes, biotic effects, and forcing factors, p. 118133. In Effects of Past Global Change on Life. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Stehli, F. G., and Wells, J. W. 1971. Diversity and age patterns in hermatypic corals. Systematic Zoology, 20:115126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sverdrup, H. U., Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H. 1942. The Oceans. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1087 p.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. 1985. African Bovidae: evolutionary events since the Miocene. South African Journal of Science, 81:263266.Google Scholar
Webb, S. D., and Opdyke, N. 1995. Global climatic influence on Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas, p. 184208. In Effects of Past Global Change on Life. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Webb, T. 1987. The appearance and disappearance of major vegetational assemblages: Long-term vegetational dynamics in eastern North America. Vegetatio, 69:177187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyl, P. K. 1968. The role of the oceans in climatic change: a theory of the ice ages. Meteorological Monographs, 8:3762.Google Scholar
Wolfe, J. A. 1985. Distribution of major vegetational types during the Tertiary. Geophysical Monograph, 32:357375.Google Scholar
Woodruff, F., and Savin, S. M. 1989. Miocene deepwater oceanography. Paleoceanography, 4:87140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zachos, J. C., Stott, L. D., and Lohmann, K. C. 1994. Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures. Paleoceanography, 9:353387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar