No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Mohawkian (Upper Ordovician) conodonts of eastern North America and Baltoscandia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 May 2016
Abstract
A collection of 57,877 conodont elements that includes 39 species representing 30 genera was made from the upper part of the Phragmodus undatus Zone and the lower part of the Plectodina tenuis Zone (late Turinian–early Chatfieldian). Conodont samples were collected from 30 sections in eastern North America and Baltoscandia, where the P. undatus–P. tenuis Zone boundary projects into B. alobatus Subzone based on K-bentonite bed correlation. Elements previously assigned to form-species of Oistodus are shown to be apparatus associates in coniform apparatuses of Besselodus. Pseudobelodina manitoulinensis new species is described and the apparatus-based taxonomy of Scyphiodus primus and Staufferella polonica are proposed.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Paleontological Society
References
Aldridge, R. J.
1982. A fused cluster of coniform conodont elements from the Late Ordovician of Washington Land, western North Greenland. Palaeontology, 25:425–430.Google Scholar
An, Tai-Xiang. 1985. The Lower Paleozoic conodonts of South China. Peking University, 238 p.Google Scholar
Andrews, H. E.
1967. Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Joachim Dolomite of eastern Missouri. Journal of Paleontology, 41:881–901.Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. F.
1971. Platteville Formation, p. 82–115. In
Clark, D. L., (ed.), Conodonts and Biostratigraphy of the Wisconsin Paleozoic. Wisconsin Geological Survey Information Circular, 19.Google Scholar
Austin, R. L., Bergström, S. M., Clark, D. L., Klapper, G., and Rhodes, F. H. T.
1981. Family unknown, p. W172–W179. In
Robison, R. A. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Supplement 2, Conodonta. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. R., and Poplawski, M. L. S.
1973. Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Mystic Formation, Quebec, Canada. Journal of Paleontololgy, 47:760–790.Google Scholar
Barnes, C. R., Telford, P. G., and Tarrant, G. A.
1978. Ordovician and Silurian conodont biostratigraphy, Manitoulin Island and Bruce Peninsula, Ontario. Michigan Basin Geological Society Special Papers, 3:63–71.Google Scholar
Barrick, J. E., and Klapper, G.
1976. Multielement Silurian (late Llandoverian-Wenlockian) conodonts of the Clarita Formation, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, and phylogeny of Kockelella
. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 10:59–98.Google Scholar
Bauer, J. A.
1987a. Conodont biostratigraphy, correlation, and depositional environments of Middle Ordovician rocks in Oklahoma. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. The Ohio State University, Columbus, 346 p.Google Scholar
Bauer, J. A.
1987b. Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of the McLish and Tulip Creek Formations (Middle Ordovician) of South-Central Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin
141, 58 p.Google Scholar
Bauer, J. A.
1989. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Middle Ordovician rocks in eastern Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 63:92–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, J. A.
1994. Conodonts from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician), south-central Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 68:358–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, J., Bergström, S. M., and Laufeld, S.
1967. En ny skärning genom överkambrium och mellanordovicium i Rävatofta området, Skåne. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 89:460–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, S. M.
1962. Conodonts from the Ludibundus Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of the Tvären area (S. E. Sweden). Arkiv for Mineralogi och Geologi, 3(1):61.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M.
1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Europe and eastern North America, p. 83–164. In
Sweet, W. C. and Bergström, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of America Memoir, 127.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M.
1981. Family Oistodontidae Lindström, p. W146–W114. In
Robison, R. A. (ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Supplement 2, Conodonta. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M.
1982. Biogeography, evolutionary relationships, and biostratigraphic significance of Ordovician platform conodonts. Fossils and Strata, 15:35–58.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M.
1990. Biostratigraphic and biogeographic significance of Middle and Upper Ordovician conodonts in the Girvan Succession, south-west Scotland. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 118:1–43.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., and Massa, D.
1992. Stratigraphic and biostratigraphic significance of Upper Ordovician conodonts from northwestern Libya, p. 1323–1342. In
Salem, M. J., Hammuda, O. S., and Eliagoubi, B. A. (eds.), The Geology of Libya, Volume 4. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., and Mitchell, C. E.
1994. Regional relationships between late Middle and early Late Ordovician standard successions in New York and Quebec and the Cincinnati region in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. New York State Museum Bulletin, 481:5–10.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., and Orchard, M. J.
1985. Conodonts of the Cambrian and Ordovician Systems from the British Isles, p. 32–67. In
Higgins, A. C. and Austin, R. L. (eds.), A Stratigraphical Index of Conodonts. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., and Sweet, W. C.
1966. Conodonts from the Lexington Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of Kentucky and its equivalents in Ohio and Indiana. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 50(229):271–441Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., and Sweet, W. C.
1970. The generic concept in conodont taxonomy. Proceedings of the North American Paleontology Convention 1969, Part C:157–173Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., Huff, W. D., and Kolata, D. R.
1995. Nomenclature, stratigraphy, chemical fingerprinting, and areal distribution of some Middle Ordovician K-bentonites in Baltoscandia. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 117:1–13.Google Scholar
Bergström, S. M., Riva, J., and Kay, M.
1974. Significance of conodonts, graptolites, and shelly faunas from the Ordovician of western and north-central Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 11:1625–1660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bischoff, G. and Sannemann, D.
1958. Unterdevonische Conodonten aus dem Frankenwald. Notizblatt Hessiches Landesamt Bodenforsch, 86:87–110.Google Scholar
Boger, J. B.
1976. Conodont biostratigraphy of the upper Beekmantown Group and the St. Paul Group (Middle Ordovician) of Maryland and West Virginia. Unpublished M.S. thesis, The Ohio State University, 180 p.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B.
1944. The geology of Missouri. University of Missouri Studies, 19(3):1–535.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B., and Mehl, M. G.
1933a. Conodont studies no. 1: Conodonts from the Harding Sandstone of Colorado; Bainbridge (Silurian) of Missouri; Jefferson City (Lower Ordovician) of Missouri. University of Missouri Studies, 8:5–72.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B., and Mehl, M. G.
1933b. Conodont studies no. 2: Conodonts from the Joachim (Middle Ordovician) of Missouri; Conodonts from the Plattin (Middle Ordovician) of Missouri; Conodonts from the Maquoketa-Thebes (Upper Ordovician) of Missouri; A study of Hinde's types of conodonts preserved in the British Museum. University of Missouri Studies, 8:77–167.Google Scholar
Branson, E. B., Mehl, M. G., and Branson, C. C.
1951. Richmond conodonts of Kentucky and Indiana. Journal of Paleontology, 25:1–17.Google Scholar
Carlson, C. C.
1960. Stratigraphy of the Winnipeg and Deadwood Formations in North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey, Bulletin
35, 149 p.Google Scholar
Carnes, J. B.
1975. Conodont biostratigraphy in the lower Middle Ordovician of the western Appalachian thrust-belts in northeastern Tennessee. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, 192 p.Google Scholar
Conkin, J. E.
1991. Middle Ordovician (Mohawkian) paracontinuous stratigraphy and metabentonites of eastern North America. University of Louisville Studies in Paleontology and Stratigraphy, 18, 54 p.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J.
1976. Multielement conodonts from the St. Clair Limestone (Silurian) of southern Illinois. Journal of Paleontology, 50:205–217.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. J.
1977. Toward a familial classification of Silurian conodonts. Journal of Paleontology, 51:1057–1071.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. N., and A Cooper, G.
1946. Lower Middle Ordovician stratigraphy of the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 57:35–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, W. W.
1968. The stratigraphy and conodont paleontology of Ordovician and Silurian strata, Batesville District, Independence and Izard counties, Arkansas. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University Texas-Austin, 393 p.Google Scholar
Drygant, D. M.
1974a. Simple conodonts from the Silurian and lowermost Devonian. Paleontologicheskiy Sbornik, 10:64–69.Google Scholar
Drygant, D. M.
1974b. New Middle Ordovician conodonts from the northwestern Volyn. Paleontologicheskiy Sbornik, 11:54–58.Google Scholar
Dzik, J.
1976. Remarks on the evolution of Ordovician conodonts. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 21:395–455.Google Scholar
Dzik, J.
1978. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleogeographical relations of the Ordovician Mójcza Limestone (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 23:51–72.Google Scholar
Dzik, J.
1983. Relationships between Ordovician Baltic and North American Midcontinent conodont faunas. Fossils and Strata, 15:59–85.Google Scholar
Dzik, J.
1989. Conodont evolution in high latitudes of the Ordovician. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 117:1–28.Google Scholar
Dzik, J.
1994. Conodonts of the Mójcza Limestone, p. 43–128. In
Urbanek, A. (ed.), Ordovician Carbonate Platform Ecosystem of the Holy Cross Mountains. Palaeontologia Polonica
53.Google Scholar
Ethington, R. L.
1959. Conodonts of the Ordovician Galena formation. Journal of Paleontology, 33:257–292.Google Scholar
Ethington, R. L., and Schumacher, D.
1969. Conodonts of the Copenhagen Formation (Middle Ordovician) in central Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 43:440–484.Google Scholar
Ethington, R. L., and Repetski, J. E.
1984. Paleobiogeographic distribution of Early Ordovician conodonts in central and western United States, p. 89–101. In
Clark, D. L. (ed.), Conodont Biofacies and Provincialism. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fay, R. O.
1952. Catalogue of conodonts. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Vertebrata, article 3, 206 p.Google Scholar
Glenister, A. T.
1957. The conodonts of the Ordovician Maquoketa Formation in Iowa. Journal of Paleontology, 31:715–746.Google Scholar
Hall, J. C.
1986. Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician in the western overthrust region and Sequatchie Valley of the southern Appalachians. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, 346 p.Google Scholar
Hall, J. C., Bergström, S. M., and Schmidt, M. A.
1986. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician Chickamauga Group and related strata of the Alabama Appalachians, p. 61–80. In
Benson, J. and Stock, C. W. (eds.), Depositional History of the Middle Ordovician of the Alabama Appalachians. Alabama Geological Society Guidebook, 23:1–119.Google Scholar
Hamar, G.
1964. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway, 17. Conodonts of from the lower Middle Ordovician of Ringerike. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 44:243–292.Google Scholar
Hamar, G.
1966. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway, 22. Preliminary report on conodonts from the Oslo-Asker and Ringerike districts. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 46:27–83.Google Scholar
Haynes, J. T.
1994. The Ordovician Deicke and Millbrig K-bentonite beds of the Cincinnati Arch and southern Valley and Ridge Province. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 290, 80 p.Google Scholar
Haynes, J. T., Melson, W. G., and Kunk, M. J.
1995. Composition of biotite phenocrysts in Ordovician tephras casts doubt on the proposed trans-Atlantic correlation of the Millbrig K-bentonite (United States) and the Kinnekulle K-bentonite (Sweden). Geology, 23:847–850.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henningsmoen, G.
1948. The Tretaspis Series of the Kullatorp core. Bulletin of the Geolological Instutions of the University of Uppsala, 32:374–430.Google Scholar
Hinde, G. J.
1879. On conodonts from the Chazy and Cincinnati Groups of the Cambro-Silurian and from the Hamilton and Genessee-shale divisions of the Devonian, in Canada and the United States. Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, 35:351–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmer, L. E.
1989. Middle Ordovicain phosphatic inarticulate brachiopods from Vastergotland and Dalarna, Sweden. Fossils and Strata, 26, 172 p.Google Scholar
Huff, W. D., and Kolata, D. R.
1990. Correlation of the Ordovician Deicke and Millbrig K-bentonites between the Mississippi Valley and the southern Appalachians. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74:1736–1747.Google Scholar
Huff, W. D., Bergström, S. M., and Kolata, D. R.
1992. Gigantic Ordovician ash fall in North America and Europe: biological, tectonomagnetic, and event-stratigraphic significance. Geology, 20:875–878.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussey, R. C.
1950. The Ordovician rocks of the Escanaba-Stonington area. The Annual Geological Excursion of the Michigan Geological Society, June 1950, 24 p.Google Scholar
Hussey, R. C.
1952. The Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks of Michigan. State of Michigan, Geological Survey Division, 46(39):89.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V.
1963. Lower and Middle Viruan (Middle Ordovician) of the Siljan District. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala, 42:1–40.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V.
1976. Faunal dynamics in the Middle Ordovician (Viruan) of Balto-Scandia, p. 301–326. In
Bassett, M. G. (ed.), The Ordovician System: Proceedings of a Palaeontological Association Symposium. University of Wales Press, Cardiff.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V.
1982. The Siljan District, p. 15–42. In
Bruton, D. L. and Williams, S. H. (eds.), Field Excursion Guide. IV International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Paleontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 279.Google Scholar
Jaanusson, V., and Mutvei, H.
1953. Stratigraphie und Lithologie der unterordovizischen Platyurus-Stufe im Siljan-Gebiet, Dalarna. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala, 35:7–39.Google Scholar
Kay, G. M.
1937. Stratigraphy of the Trenton Group. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 48:233–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, D. J., Barnes, C. R., and Uyeno, T. T.
1979. A Middle Ordovician conodont faunule from the Tetagouche Group, Camel Back Mountain, New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16:540–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y. B.
1988. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the Central Basin, Tennessee. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, 231 p.Google Scholar
Kolata, D. R., Frost, J. K., and Huff, W. D.
1986. K-bentonites of the Ordovician Decorah Subgroup, upper Mississippi Valley: correlation by chemical fingerprinting. Illinois Deptartment of Energy and Natural Resources, State Geological Survey Division, Circular 537, 30 p.Google Scholar
Kolata, D. R., Huff, W. D., and Bergström, S. M.
1996. Ordovician K-bentonites of eastern North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 313, 84 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laufeld, S.
1967. Caradocian Chitinozoa from Dalarna, Sweden. Geologiska Foreningens I Stockholm Förhandlingar, 75:125–148.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. A.
1995. Upper Middle Ordovician conodont biofacies distribution patterns in eastern North America and northwestern Europe: Evaluations using the Deicke, Millbrig and Kinnekulle K-bentonite beds as time planes. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, 450 p.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. A.
1996.
Schopfodus, a new conodont genus from the upper Middle Ordovician of eastern North America, Journal of Paleontology, 70:166–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, S. A.
1997. Apparatus architecture of Belodina (Conodonta): Interpretations based on fused clusters of Belodina compressa (Branson and Mehl, 1933) from the Middle Ordovician (Turinian) Plattin Limestone of Missouri and Iowa. Journal of Paleontology, 71(5):921–926Google Scholar
Leslie, S. A., and Bergström, S. M.
1995a. Element morphology and taxonomic relationships of the Ordovician conodont Phragmodus primus Branson and Mehl, 1933, the type species of Phragmodus
. Journal of Paleontology, 69(5):967–974CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leslie, S. A., and Bergström, S. M.
1995b. Timing of the Trenton Transgression and revision of the North American late Middle Ordovician stage classification based on K-bentonite bed correlation, p. 49–54. In
Cooper, J. D., Droser, M. L., and Finney, S. C. (eds.), Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Pacific Section SEPM, v. 77.Google Scholar
Leslie, S. A., and Bergström, S. M.
1997. Use of K-bentonite beds as time-planes for high resolution lithofacies analysis and assessment of net rock accumulation rate: an example from the upper Middle Ordovician of eastern North America, p. 11–21. In
Klapper, G., Murphy, M. A., and Talent, J. A. (eds.), Paleozoic Sequence Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, and Biogeography: Studies in Honor of J. Granville (“Jess”) Johnson. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 321.Google Scholar
Liberty, B. A.
1969. Paleozoic geology of the Lake Simcoe area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, 355:1–201.Google Scholar
Lindström, M.
1955. Conodonts from the lowermost Ordovician strata of South-Central Sweden. Geologiska Foreningens I Stockholm Förhandlingar, 76:517–604 (1954).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindström, M.
1970. A suprageneric taxonomy of the conodonts. Lethaia, 3:427–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindström, M.
1971. Lower Ordovician conodonts of Europe, p. 21–61. In
Sweet, W. C. and Bergström, S. M. (eds.), Symposium on conodont biostratigraphy, Geological Society of America Memoir, 127.Google Scholar
Lindström, M.
1977a. Genus Amorphognathus Branson and Mehl, 1933, p. 21–52. In
Zeigler, W., (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
4.Google Scholar
Lindström, M.
1977b. Genus Baltoniodus Lindström, 1971, p. 11–84. In
Zeigler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
3.Google Scholar
Lindström, M.
1977c. Genus Rhodesognathus Bergström and Sweet, 1966, p. 531–537. In
Zeigler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
4.Google Scholar
Lindström, M.
1981.
Periodon grandis
, p. 243–244. In
Zeigler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
4.Google Scholar
Lindström, M., and Zeigler, W.
1981. Surface micro-ornamentation and observations on internal composition, p. W41–W52. In
Robison, R. A. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Supplement 2, Conodonta. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A.
1978. Arenigian and Llanvirnian conodonts from Jamtland, northern Sweden. Fossils and Strata, 13, 129 p.Google Scholar
Martna, J.
1955. Studies on the Macrourus and Slandrom Formations I. Geologiska Föreningens I Stockholm Förhandlingar, 77:229–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCracken, A. D.
1989.
Protopanderodus (Conodontata) from the Ordovician Road River Group, northern Yukon Territory, and the evolution of the genus. Geological Survery of Canada, Bulletin
388, 39 p.Google Scholar
McCracken, A. D., and Barnes, C. R.
1981. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Quebec, with special reference to Late Ordovician-Early Silurian chronostratigraphy and the systemic boundary. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 329:51–134.Google Scholar
Miller, J. F.
1969. Conodont fauna of the Notch Peak Limestone (Cambro-Ordovician), House Range, Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 43:413–439.Google Scholar
Miller, J. F.
1980. Taxonomic revisions of some Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician conodonts with comments on their evolution. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper
99:1–44.Google Scholar
Moskalenko, T. A.
1973. Conodonts of the Middle and Upper Ordovician on the Siberian Platform. Akad. Navk. SSSR, Sib. Otd., Trudy Inst. Geol. Geofiz., 137:1–143.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S.
1981. Some Ordovician conodont faunules from the Miramichi Anticlinorium, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 245:1–35.Google Scholar
Nowlan, G. S.
1983. Biostratigraphic, paleogeographic, and tectonic implications of Late Ordovician conodonts from the Grog Brook Group, northwestern New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20:651–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowlan, G. S., and Barnes, C. R.
1981. Late Ordovician conodonts from the Vauréal Formation, Anticosti Island, Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 329:1–49.Google Scholar
O'Neill, B. E.
1985. Conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology in the lower Middle Ordovician of the Valley and Ridge overthrust region of west central Virginia. Unpublished M.S. thesis. The Ohio State University, Columbus, 194 p.Google Scholar
Orchard, M. J.
1980. Upper Ordovician conodonts from England and Wales. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 14:9–44.Google Scholar
Owen, A. W., Bruton, D. L., Bockelie, J. F., and Bockelie, T.
1990. The Ordovician successions of the Oslo region, Norway. Norges Geologiske Unders⊘kelse Special Publication, 454 p.Google Scholar
Pander, C. H.
1856. Monographie der fossilen Fische des Silurischen Systems der Russisch-Baltischen Gouvernements. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften St. Petersburg, 91 p.Google Scholar
Rhodes, F. H. T.
1953. Some British Lower Paleozoic conodont faunas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 647:261–334.Google Scholar
Rhodes, F. H. T.
1955. The conodont fauna of the Keisley Limestone. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 111:117–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenkrans, R. R.
1933. Bentonite in northern Virginia. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 23:423–419.Google Scholar
Roscoe, S. R.
1973. Conodont biostratigraphy and facies relationships of the lower Middle Ordovician strata in the upper Lake Champlain Valley. Unpublished M.S. thesis, The Ohio State University, 125 p.Google Scholar
Ross, R. J, Nolan, T. B., and Harris, A. G.
1979. The Upper Ordovician and Silurian Hanson Creek Formation of central Nevada. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1126C:1–22Google Scholar
Sansom, I. J.
1996.
Pseudooneotodus: a histological study of an Ordovician to Devonian vertebrate lineage. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 118:47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sansom, I. J., Armstrong, H. A., and Smith, M. P.
1994. The apparatus architecture of Panderodus and its implications for coniform conodont classification. Palaeontology, 37:781–799.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M. A.
1982. Conodont biostratigraphy and facies relations of the Chickamauga Limestone (Middle Ordovician) of the southern Appalachians, Alabama and Georgia. Unpublished M.S. thesis, The Ohio State University, 270 p.Google Scholar
Schopf, T. J.
1966. Conodonts of the Trenton Group (Ordovician) in New York, southern Ontario, and Quebec. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin
405, 105 p.Google Scholar
Spassov, H., and Teller, L.
1963. Conodonts from the Ordovician limestones near Mojcza village, in Górach Swientokrzyskich, Poland. Travaux sur la Géologie de Bulgarie, Série Paléontogie KH., V:75–87 [in Bulgarian with English summary].Google Scholar
Stauffer, C. R.
1930. Conodonts from the Decorah Shale. Journal of Paleontology, 4:121–128.Google Scholar
Stauffer, C. R.
1935a. Conodonts of the Glenwood Beds. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 46:125–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stauffer, C. R.
1935b. The conodont fauna of the Decorah Shale (Ordovician). Journal of Paleontology, 9:596–620.Google Scholar
Stauffer, C. R.
1940. Conodonts from the Devonian and associated clays of Minnesota. Journal of Paleontology, 14:417–435.Google Scholar
Stone, G. L., and Furnish, W. M.
1959. Bighorn conodonts from Wyoming. Journal of Paleontology, 33:211–228.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1955. Conodonts from the Harding Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Colorado. Journal of Paleontology, 29:226–262.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1979a. Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of post-Tyrone Ordovician rocks of the Cincinnati Region. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066G:1–25Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1979b. Late Ordovician conodonts and biostratigraphy of the western Midcontinent Province. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 26:45–88.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1981a. Macromorphology of elements and apparatuses, p. W5–W20. In
Robison, R. A. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Supplement 2, Conodonta. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1981b. Genus Aphelognathus Branson, Mehl and Branson, 1951, p. 27–49. In
Ziegler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung IV.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1981c. Genus Oulodus Branson and Mehl, 1933b, p. 193–217. In
Ziegler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung IV.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1981d. Genus Phragmodus Branson and Mehl, 1933, p. 245–270. In
Ziegler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung IV.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1981e. Genus Plectodina Stauffer, 1935, p. 271–290. In
Ziegler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung IV.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1982. Conodonts from the Winnipeg Formation (Middle Ordovician) of the northern Black Hills, South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 56:1029–1049.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1983. Part II-Conodont biostratigraphy of the Fite Formation and Viola Group. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 132:23–36.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1984. Graphic correlation of upper Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks, North American Midcontinent Province, USA, p. 23–35. In
Bruton, D. L. (ed.), Aspects of the Ordovician System, Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, No. 295, Universitetsforlaget.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1987. Distribution and significance of conodonts in the Middle and Upper Ordovician strata of the Upper Mississippi Valley region, p. 167–172. In
Sloan, R. E. (ed.), Middle and Late Ordovician lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations, 35, 232 p.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology and evolutionary history of a long-extinct animal phylum, Oxford Press, 169 p.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1991a. Genus Scyphiodus Stauffer, 1935, p. 193–196. In
Ziegler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung V.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1991b. Genus Polyplacognathus Stauffer, 1935, p. 159–164. In
Ziegler, W. (ed.), Catalogue of Conodonts. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung V.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C.
1995. A conodont-based composite standard for the North American Ordovician, p. 15–20. In
Cooper, J. D., Droser, M. L., and Finney, S. C. (eds.), Ordovician Odyssey: Short Papers for the Seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician System. Pacific Section SEPM, v. 77.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C., and Bergström, S. M.
1962. Conodonts from the Pratt Ferry Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Alabama. Journal of Paleontology, 36:1214–1252.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C., and Bergström, S. M.
1972. Multielement taxonomy and Ordovician conodonts. Geologica et Palaeontologica, SB-1:29–42Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C., and Schönlaub, H. P.
1975. Conodonts of the genus Oulodus Branson and Mehl, 1933. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 9:41–59.Google Scholar
Sweet, W. C., Thompson, T. L., and Satterfield, I. R.
1975. Conodont stratigraphy of the Cape Limestone (Maysvillian) of eastern Missouri. Missouri Geological Survey Report of Investigations, 57:1–59.Google Scholar
Thompson, R. R.
1963. Lithostratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician Salona and Coburn Formations in central Pennsylvania. Pennslyvania Geological Survey Bulletin, Fourth Series, G 38, 154 p.Google Scholar
Thompson, T. L.
1991. Paleozoic successions in Missouri, Part 2—Ordovician System. Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Report of Investigations, 70, Part 2, 292 p.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. H.
1959. The conodonts of the Platteville Formation of southeastern Minnesota, Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Minnesota, 169 p.Google Scholar
Tipnis, R. S., Chatterton, B. D. E., and Ludvigsen, R.
1978. Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the southern District of MacKenzie, Canada, p. 39–91. In
Stelck, C. R., and Chatterton, B. D. E. (eds.), Western and Arctic Canadian Biostratigraphy. Geological Society of Canada Special Paper, 18.Google Scholar
Törnquist, S. L.
1867. Om lagerföljden i Dalarnes Undersilurska bildningar. Acta Univ. Lund., 4(5):1–20.Google Scholar
Törnquist, S. L.
1883. öfversigt öfver bergbyggnaden inom Siljansområdet i Dalarna. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Series C, 57:1–59.Google Scholar
Valek, K. W.
1982. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Salona and Coburn Formations in the Middle Ordovician of central Pennsylvania. Unpublished M.S. thesis, The Ohio State University, 70 p.Google Scholar
Viira, V.
1974. Ordovician conodonts of the East Baltic. “Valgus”, 174 p., Tallin [In Russian].Google Scholar
von Bitter, P. H., and Norby, R. D.
1994. Ontogenetic development of Pa element cup microsculpture in Lochriea commutata (Branson and Mehl, 1941) (Conodonta, Carboniferous): taxonomic implications. Journal of Paleontology, 68:861–869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Votaw, R. B.
1971. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician) and equivalent rocks of the eastern Midcontinent, North America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, 170 p.Google Scholar
Webby, B. D.
1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 36:1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webers, G. F.
1966. The Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont faunas of Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Special Publication, 4, 123 p.Google Scholar
Wilson, C. W. Jr.
1949. Pre-Chattanooga stratigraphy in Central Tennessee. Tennessee Division of Geology Bulletin, 56:1–407.Google Scholar
Zhang, J.
1998. Conodonts from the Guniutan Formation (Llanvirnian) in Hubei and Hunan Provinces, south-central China. Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 46:1–161.Google Scholar