Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T00:10:33.528Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Upper Ordovician (Sandbian) bryozoan fauna from Argentine Precordillera

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2016

Andrej Ernst  and
Marcelo Carrera
Andrej Ernst
Affiliation:
Institut für Geowissenschaften der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, D-24118 Kiel, Germany,
Marcelo Carrera
Affiliation:
CIPAL-CICTERRA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield 299 (5000), Córdoba, Argentina,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A stenolaemate bryozoan fauna containing 20 species belonging to 18 genera is described from the Las Plantas and Las Aguaditas formations (Upper Ordovician, Sandbian) in San Juan Province, Precordillera of Western Argentina. One genus with one species is new: Argentinodictya lenticulata n. gen. n. sp. (Cryptostomata, Ptilodictyina). Four species are new: one trepostome Parvohallopora parvula n. sp., two cryptostomes Trigonodictya parvula n. sp. and Ptilodictya intermedia n. sp., and phyloporinine Chasmatopora rossae n. sp. The bryozoan assemblage of the Las Plantas Formation is more diverse than that of the Las Aguaditas Formation. Fourteen species are restricted to the Las Plantas Formation, five species occur in both formations, and one species is restricted to the Las Aguaditas Formation. Erect growth forms are dominant in the studied fauna. The majority of bryozoan taxa display palaeobiogeographic relations to Sandbian–Katian deposits of North America, with two species also known from the Katian of Europe.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 86 , Issue 5 , September 2012 , pp. 721 - 752
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anstey, R. L. and Perry, T. G. 1970. Biometric procedures in taxonomic studies of Paleozoic bryozoans. Journal of Paleontology, 44:383–398.Google Scholar
Ariunchimeg, Y. 2009. New Late Ordovician bryozoans from the Tsagaan-Del section of central Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 43:401–407.Google Scholar
Astini, R. 1995. Sedimentología de la Formación Las Aguaditas (Talud carbonático) y evolución de la cuenca precordillerana durante el Ordovício medio. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 50:143–164.Google Scholar
Astini, R. 1998. Stratigraphical evidence supporting the rifting, drifting and collision of the Laurentian Precordillera terrane of western Argentina, p. 11–33. InPankhurst, R. and Rapella, C. W.(eds.), The Proto-Andean margin of Gondwana. Geological Society, Special Publication 142.Google Scholar
Astini, R. and Brussa, E. 1997. Dos nuevas localidades fosiliferas en el conglomerado de Las Vacas (Caradociano) en la Precordillera Argentina: Importancia cronoestratigráfica. Reunión de comunicaciones paleontológicas, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Ameghiniana, abstracts, 34:114.Google Scholar
Astini, R. A., Benedetto, J. L, and Vaccari, N. E. 1995. The early Paleozoic evolution of the Argentinean Precordillera as a Laurentian rifted, drifted and collided terrane: A geodynamic model. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 107:253–273.Google Scholar
Astrova, G. G. 1964. Novyiǐ otryad paleozoiskikh mshanok (New order of the Paleozoic Bryozoa). Paleontologicheskiiǐ Zhurnal, 1964:22–31. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Astrova, G. G. 1965. Morfologia, istoriya razvitiya i sistema ordovikskikh i siluriiǐskikh mshanok (Morphology, history of development and system of the Ordovician and Silurian Bryozoa). Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 106:1–432. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Astrova, G. G. and Morozova, I. P.1956. O sistematike mshanok otryada Cryptostomata (On systematics of the bryozoans of the Order Cryptostomata). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 110:661–664. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1903. The structural features of the bryozoan genus Homotrypa, with descriptions of species from the Cincinnatian Group. U.S. National Museum Proceedings, 26 (1323):565–591.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1906a. The bryozoan fauna of the Rochester Shale. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 292:1–137.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1906b. A study of the James types of Ordovicin and Silurian Bryozoa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 30:1–66.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1911. The early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic Provinces. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 77:1–382.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1913. Bryozoa, p. 314–355. InZittel, K. A. and Eastman, C. R.(eds.), Paleontology, second ed., Vol. 1. Macmillan and Co., London.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1915. Bibliographic index of American Ordovician and Silurian fossils. United States National Museum Bulletin, 92:1–1521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bassler, R. S. 1927. Bryozoa, p. 143–168. InTwenhofel, W. H.(ed.), Geology of Anticosti Island. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Canada 154.Google Scholar
Benedetto, J. L. 2003a. Brachiopods. Ordovician Fossils of Argentina, p. 187–272. InBenedetto, J. L.(ed.), Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.Google Scholar
Benedetto, J. L. 2003b. The allochthony of the Argentinean Precordillera ten years later (1993–2003): A new paleobiogeographic test of the microcontinental model. Gondwana Research, 7:1027–1039.Google Scholar
Benedetto, J. L., Sanchez, T., Carrera, M. G., Brussa, E., and Salas, M. J. 1999. Paleontological constraints on successive paleogeographic positions of Precordillera terrane during the early Paleozoic, p. 21–42. InRamos, V. and Keppie, D.(eds.), Gondwana-Laurentia connections before Pangea. Geological Society of America Special Paper 336.Google Scholar
Benedetto, J. L., Vaccari, N., Waisfeld, B., Sanchez, T. M., and Foglia, R. D. 2009. Cambrian and Ordovician biogeography of the South American margin of Gondwana and accreted terranes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 325:201–232.Google Scholar
Bekker, H. 1921. The Kuckers Stage of the Ordovician rocks in NE Estonia. Eesti Vabariigi Tartu ülikooli toimetised. A, Mathematica, physic, Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Dortpatenis, A2:1–92.Google Scholar
Boardman, R. S. 1960. Trepostomatous Bryozoa of the Hamilton Group of New York State. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 340:1–87.Google Scholar
Borg, F. 1926. Studies on Recent cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Zoologiska Bidrag från Uppsala, 10:181–507.Google Scholar
Bork, K. B. and Perry, T. G. 1967. Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) of Champlainian age (Middle Ordovician) from northwestern Illinois and adjacent parts of Iowa and Wisconsin, Pt. I, Amplexopora, Monotrypella, Hallopora and Batostoma. Journal of Paleontology, 41:1365–1392.Google Scholar
Brood, K. 1973. Palaeozoic Cyclostomata (a preliminary report), p. 247–256. InLarwood, G. P.(ed.), Living and Fossil Bryozoa. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Brood, K. 1975. Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the Silurian of Gotland. Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 28:45–119.Google Scholar
Brown, G. D. Jr., 1965. Trepostomatous Bryozoa from the Logana and Jessamine Limestones (Middle Ordovician) of the Kentucky Bluegrass Region. Journal of Paleontology, 39:974–1006.Google Scholar
Brown, G. D. Jr., and Daly, E. J. 1985. Trepostome Bryozoa from the Dillsboro Formation (Cincinnatian Series) of Southeastern Indiana. Indiana Geological Survey Special Report, 33:1–95.Google Scholar
Busk, G. 1852. An account of the Polyzoa, and sertularian zoophytes, collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake, on the coasts of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago. InMacGillivray, J.(ed.), Narrative of the voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, 1846–1850. Vol. 1. T. W. Boone, London.Google Scholar
Cañas, F. L. 1999. Facies and sequences of the late Cambrian-Early Ordovician carbonates of the Argentine Precordillera: a stratigraphic comparison with Laurentian platforms, p. 43–62. InRamos, V. and Keppie, D.(eds.), Gondwana-Laurentia connections before Pangea. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 336.Google Scholar
Carrera, M. G. 1995. El Género Nicholsonella (Bryozoa) en el Ordovícico de la Precordillera Argentina, su significado paleoecológico y paleobiogeográfico. Ameghiniana, 32:181–190.Google Scholar
Carrera, M. G. 1997. Evolución y recambio de la fauna de poríferos y briozoos en el Ordovícico de la Precordillera Argentina. Ameghiniana, 34:295–308.Google Scholar
Carrera, M. G. 2003. The genus Prasopora (Bryozoa) from the Middle Ordovician of the Argentine Precordillera. Ameghiniana, 40:197–203.Google Scholar
Carrera, M. G. and Ernst, A. 2010. Darriwilian bryozoans from the San Juan Formation (Ordovician), Argentine Precordillera. Ameghiniana, 47:343–354.Google Scholar
Conti, S. 1990. Upper Ordovician Bryozoa from Sardinia. Palaeontographia Italica, 77:85–165.Google Scholar
Conti, S. and Serpagli, E. 1987. Functional morphology of the cap-like apparatus in autozooids of a Palaeozoic trepostome bryozoan. Lethaia, 20:1–20.Google Scholar
Coryell, H. N. 1921. Bryozoan faunas of the Stone River Group of Central Tennessee. Proceedings of Indiana Academy of Sciences, 1921:261–340.Google Scholar
Cumings, E. R. 1905. Development of Fenestella. American Journal of Science and Arts, 20:169–177.Google Scholar
Cumings, E. R. 1908. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cincinnati Series of Indiana. Bulletin of Indiana Geological Survey, 32:605–1188.Google Scholar
Dana, J. D. 1846. Zoophytes. United States Exploring Expedition, 7:1–740.Google Scholar
Dana, J. D. 1849. Notes on upper California. American Journal of Science, 7 (2):247–264.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, C. G. 1831. Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et descptiones Corporum Naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum, quae ex itineribus per Libyam, Aegiptum, Nubiam, Dongalaam, Syriam, Arabiam et Habessiniam, studia annis 1820–25, redirent. Pars Zoologica, 4, Animalia Evertebrata exclusis Insectis. Berolini, 10 pls.Google Scholar
Eichwald, E. 1842. Die Urwelt Russlands durch Abbildungen erläutert. Vol. 2, 184p. St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
Eichwald, E. 1855. Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der fossilen Tiere Russlands. Bulletin de la Société des Naturelles de Moscovian, 28:433–466.Google Scholar
Ernst, A. 2011. Cryptostome (ptilodictyine and rhabdomesine) Bryozoa from the Lower Devonian of NW Spain. Palaeontographica A, 293:147–183.Google Scholar
Ernst, A. and Carrera, M. G. 2008. Cryptostomid bryozoans from the Sassito Formation, Upper Ordovician cool-water carbonates of the Argentinean Precordillera. Palaeontology, 51:1117–1127.Google Scholar
Ernst, A. and Key, M. 2007. Upper Ordovician Bryozoa from the Montagne de Noire, southern France. Journal of Systematic palaeontology, 5:359–428.Google Scholar
Ernst, A. and Königshof, P. 2010. Bryozoan fauna and microfacies from a Middle Devonian reef complex (Western Sahara, Morocco). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 568:1–91.Google Scholar
Foord, A. H. 1883. Contributions to the micro-palaeontology of the Cambro-Silurian rocks of Canada. Geological and Natural History Survey, Canada, p. 26.Google Scholar
Fritz, M. A. 1957. Bryozoa (mainly Trepostomata) from the Ottawa Formation (Middle Ordovician) of the Ottawa-Saint Lawrence Lowland (Ontario-Quebec). Bulletin Geological Survey of Canada, 42:1–75.Google Scholar
Goldfuss, G. A. 1829. Petrefacta Germaniae, Abbildung und Beschreibung der Petrefacten Deutschlands und angrenzender Länder. Band 1, Lieferung 2, Arnz and Co., Düsseldorf, p. 77–164.Google Scholar
Gorjunova, R. V. 1992. Morphology and systematics of the Paleozoic Bryozoa. Trudy paleontologicheskogo Instituta. R. A. N., 251:1–168. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Gorjunova, R. V. and Lavrentjeva, V. D. 1993. Morphology and system of the cryptostome bryozoans. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, 257:1–152. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Grabau, A. W. and Shimer, H. W. 1909. Invertebrates. Volume I. A. G. Seiler and Company, New York, p. 853.Google Scholar
Hageman, S. J. 1993. Effects of nonnormality on studies of the morphological variation of a rhabdomesine bryozoan, Streblotrypa (Streblascopora) prisca (Gabb and Horn). The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 4:1–13.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1847. Organic remains of the lower division of the New York system. Natural history of New York, Pt. 6, Palaeontology of New York, 1. C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, 338p.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1852. Organic remains of the lower middle division of the New York system. Natural History of New York. Pt. 6. Palaeontology of New York, 2:40–52, 144–173.Google Scholar
James, J. F. 1896. Manual of the Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. Cincinnati Society of Natural History Journal, 28:115–140.Google Scholar
James, U. P. 1875. Catalogue of lower Silurian fossils of the Cincinnati Group, Ohio and vicinity, with descriptions of some new species of corals and Polyzoa. U. P. James: Cincinnati, Ohio, 8p.Google Scholar
James, U. P. 1878a. Descriptions of newly discovered species of fossils from the lower Silurian formation, Cincinnati group. The Palaeontologist, 1:1–8.Google Scholar
James, U. P. 1878b. Remarks on Helopora dendrina (James). The Paleontologist, 2:9–16.Google Scholar
James, U. P. 1884. Descriptions of three species of fossils. Cincinnati Society of Natural History Journal, 7:57–59.Google Scholar
Karklins, O. L. 1969. The cryptostome Bryozoa from the Middle Ordovician Decorah Shale, Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey, Special Publication Series, 6:1–121.Google Scholar
Karklins, O. L. 1983. Ptilodictyoid cryptostomate Bryozoa from the Middle and Upper Ordovician Rocks of Central Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology Memoir 14, Paleontological Society, 31p.Google Scholar
Karklins, O. L. 1984. Trepostome and cystoporate bryozoans from the Lexington Limestone and the Clays Ferry Formation (Middle and Upper Ordovician) of Kentucky, p. I1–I102. InPojeta, J. Jr.(ed.), Contributions to the Ordovician Paleontology of Kentucky and Nearby States. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1066 – I.Google Scholar
Keller, M., Eberlein, S., and Lehnert, O. 1993. Sedimentology of the Middle Ordovician carbonates in the Argentine Precordillera: Evidence of regional relative sea-level changes. Geologische Rundschau, 82:362–377.Google Scholar
Keller, M., Buggisch, W., and Lehnert, O. 1998. The stratigraphical record of the Argentine Precordillera and its plate-tectonic background, p. 35–56. InPankhurst, R. J. and Rapela, C.W.(eds.), The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana. Geological Society of London Special Publication 142.Google Scholar
Kopajevich, G. V. 1971. On the genus Diploclema (Bryozoa) and its members from the Silurian deposits of Estonia. Paleontologicheskiiǐ Zhurnal, 1971:119–123. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Lavrentjeva, V. D. 1975. A new bryozoan genus of the family Phylloporinidae. Paleontologicheskiiǐ Zhurnal, 1975:138–140. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Lavrentjeva, V. D. 1979. A new suborder of Palaeozoic Bryozoa. Paleontologicheskiiǐ Zhurnal, 1979:59–68. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Lavrentjeva, V. D. 1985. Bryozoans of the sub-order Phylloporinida. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 214:1–100. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Loeblich, A. 1942. Bryozoa from the Ordovician Bromide Formation, Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 16:413–436.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, W. 1839. Corals, p. 675–694. InMurchison, R. I.(ed.), The Silurian System. Pt. 2. Organic remains. John Murray, London.Google Scholar
Männil, R. M. 1958. New bryozoans of the Order Cryptostomata from the Ordovician of Estonia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Tehniliste ja füüsikalis-matemaatiliste teaduste seeria, 7:330–347. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Marintsch, E. J. 1998. Systematic paleontology, biostratigraphy, and paleoecology of Middle Ordovician Bryozoa (Trepostomata) from the Hermitage Formation of East-Central Tennessee. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 112:1–121.Google Scholar
McFarlan, A. C. 1931. The Ordovician fauna of Kentucky, p. 47–165. InJillson, W. R.(ed.), Paleontology of Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey Report, Series 6, v. 36.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K., McKinney, M. J., and Listokin, M. R. A. 1987. Erect bryozoans are more than baffling: Enhanced sedimentation rate by a living unilaminate branched bryozoans and possible implications for fenestrate bryozoan mudmounds. Palaios, 2:41–47.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1889. North American Geology and Paleontology. Western Methodist Book Concern. Cincinnati, 664p.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. and Dyer, C. B. 1878. Contributions to paleontology. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 2:1–11.Google Scholar
Milne-Edwards, H. and Haime, J. 1851. Monographie des polypiers fossils des terrains Palaeozoiques, precede d'un tableau general de la classification des Polypes. Archives du Muséum d'histoire Naturelle, 5:1–504.Google Scholar
Modzalevskaya, E. A. 1955. Colonies of Ordovician bryozoans and the dependence of their forms on habitat conditions. Voprosy Paleontologii (St. Petersburg), 2:125–135.Google Scholar
Morozova, I. P. and Lavrentjeva, V. D. 1981. Origin of Bryozoa of the Suborder Fenestellina. Paleontologicheskiiǐ Zhurnal, 1981:56–63. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1879. On the structure and affinities of the “Tabulate Corals” of the Paleozoic period, with critical descriptions of illustrative species. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, 342p.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. 1881. On the structure and affininties of the genus Monticulipora and its subgenera with critical descriptions of illustrative species. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh, 235p.Google Scholar
Nicholson, H. A. and Etheridge, R. Jr. 1877. On Prasopora Grayae, a new genus and species of Silurian corals. Annals and Magazine of the Natural History, 4:388–392.Google Scholar
Nickles, J. M. and Bassler, R. S. 1900. A synopsis of American fossil Bryozoa, including bibliography and synonymy. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 173:1–663.Google Scholar
Orbigny, A. D. D'. 1850. Prodrome de paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques rayonnés, faisant suite ou cours élémentaire de paléontologie et géologie stratigraphique. Vol. 1. Victor Masson, Paris, 392p.Google Scholar
Ortega, G. and Brussa, E. 1990. La subzona de Climocograptus bicornis (Caradociano temprano) en la Formación Las Plantas en su localidad tipo. Ameghiniana, 27:281–288.Google Scholar
Ramos, V. A., Jordan, T. E., Allmendinger, R. W., Mpodozis, C., Kay, S. M., Cortes, J. M., and Palma, M. 1986. Paleozoic terranes of the Central Argentine-Chilean Andes. Tectonics, 5:855–880.Google Scholar
Ross, J. R. P. 1963. The bryozoan trepostome Batostoma in Chazyan (Ordovician) strata. Journal of Paleontology, 37:857–866.Google Scholar
Ross, J. R. P. 1964. Champlainian cryptostome Bryozoa from New York State. Journal of Paleontology, 38:1–32.Google Scholar
Ross, J. R. P. 1967. Champlainian Ectoprocta (Bryozoa), New York State. Journal of Paleontology, 41:632–648.Google Scholar
Silliman, B., Silliman, B. Jr., and Dana, J. D. 1851. New genera of fossil corals from the report of James Hall, on the palaeontology of New York. American Journal of Sciences and Arts, 2:398–401.Google Scholar
Singh, R. J. 1979. Trepostomatous bryozoan fauna from the Bellevue Limestone, Upper Ordovician in the Tri-state area of Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 76:162–280.Google Scholar
Smith, A. M., Key, M. M. Jr., and Gordon, D. P. 2006. Skeletal mineralogy of bryozoans: taxonomic and temporal patterns. Earth Science Reviews, 78:287–306.Google Scholar
Spjeldnaes, N. 1996. Bryozoan colonies as indicators of bottom conditions in the Lower Ordovician, p. 315–320. InGordon, D. P., Smith, A. M., and Grant-Mackie, J. A.(eds.), Bryozoans in Space and Time. Proceedings of the 10th International Bryozology Conference, Wellington, New Zealand, 1995. National Institut of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Wellington.Google Scholar
Suttner, T. and Ernst, A. 2007. Upper Ordovician Bryozoa of the Pin Formation (Spiti Valley, northern India). Palaeontology, 50:1485–1518.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D. T. and Ernst, A. 2002. Bryozoan diversification during the Ordovician, p. 147–156. InWebby, B. D., Droser, M. L., and Paris, F.(eds.), The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1882. American Palaeozoic Bryozoa. The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 5:121–175, 233–257.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1883. American Palaeozoic Bryozoa. The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, 6:245–279.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1886. Descriptions of new Silurian and Devonian fossils: Bryozoa. Contributions to American Palaeontology, 1:8–33.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1889. Contributions to micropalaeontology of the Cambro–Silurian rocks of Canada. Pt. 2. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, 25–57.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1890. Palaeozoic Bryozoa: III. Report of the Geological Survey of Illinois, 8:283–688.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1893. On Lower Silurian Bryozoa of Minnesota. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, final report, 3:96–332.Google Scholar
Ulrich, E. O. 1896. Bryozoa, p. 257–291. InEastman, C.(ed.), Zittel's Textbook of Palaeontology. Vol. 1. Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Vinassa de Regny, P. 1921. Sulla classificazione dei trepostomidi. Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali Atti, 59:212–231.Google Scholar
Vine, G. R. 1884. Fourth report of the Committee consisting of Dr. H. R. Sorby and Mr. G. R. Vine, appointed for the purpose of reporting on fossil Polyzoa, p. 161–209. InReports of the 53rd Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement in Sciences.Google Scholar
Zittel, K. A. 1880. Handbuch der Palaeontologie. Abteilung 5. Palaeozoologie, 1:1–765, Oldenbourg, München.Google Scholar