Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T23:24:27.179Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ordovician (middle Darriwilian-earliest Sandbian) conodonts from the Wuhai area of Inner Mongolia, North China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2016

Xiuchun Jing ,
Hongrui Zhou  and
Xunlian Wang
Xiuchun Jing
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 〈[email protected]〉, 〈[email protected]〉 State Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 〈[email protected]〉
Hongrui Zhou
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 〈[email protected]〉, 〈[email protected]〉
Xunlian Wang
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 〈[email protected]〉, 〈[email protected]〉 State Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 〈[email protected]〉
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Forty-two conodont species belonging to 26 genera, which span the middle Darriwilian to the earliest Sandbian interval, are documented from the Wolonggang and Hatuke Creek sections in the Wuhai area of Inner Mongolia, North China. This conodont fauna is dominated by cosmopolitan and widespread species and accompanied by several endemic taxa. Four conodont zones, the Dzikodus tablepointensis, Eoplacognathus suecicus, Pygodus serra, and P. anserinus Zones, and three subzones, the Pygodus lunnensis, P. anitae, and Yangtzeplacognathus foliaceus Subzones, are recognized. Because of its slope habitat, the conodont fauna of Wuhai area differs from the coeval faunas on the North China Platform, which reflect a shallower and warmer water environment, but is similar to the contemporaneous faunas in Baltoscandia, South China, and Tarim. Moreover, the studied sections share several stratigraphically diagnostic taxa with the counterparts of the North China Platform and Western Newfoundland, which makes it an effective link for biostratigraphic correlations both regionally and internationally. The stratigraphically regular occurrences of Spinodus spinatus, a good index of a deep-water environment, represent a Spinodus biofacies that agrees with the Ordovician paleo-tectonic regimes of North China.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 89 , Issue 5 , September 2015 , pp. 768 - 790
Copyright
Copyright © 2016, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agematsu, S., Sashida, K., Salyapongse, S., and Sardsud, A., 2006, Ordovician conodonts from the Thong Pha Phum area, western Thailand: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 26(1), p. 49–60.Google Scholar
Agematsu, S., Sashida, K., and Sardsud, A., 2013, A new Middle Ordovician conodont fauna from the Thong Pha Phum area of western Thailand: Paleontological Research, v. 17(2), p. 179–188.Google Scholar
Albanesi, G.L., Hünicken, M.A., and Barnes, C.R., 1998, Bioestratigrafia, Biofacies y Taxonomia de conodontes de las secuencias Ordovicicas del cerro Porterillo, Precordillera Central de San Juan, R. Argentina: Actas de la Academia Nacianal de Ciencias, Tomo XII, p. 1–74.Google Scholar
Albanesi, G.L., and Ortega, G., 2002, Advances on conodont-graptolite biostratigraphy of the Ordovician System of Argentina, in F. Aceñolaza, (eds.), Aspects of the Ordovician System in Argentina. INSUGEO, Serie Correlación Geológica, INSUGEO, Série Correlación Geológica, p. 143–166.Google Scholar
An, T., 1981, Recent progress in Cambrian and Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of China: Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 187, p. 209–226.Google Scholar
An, T., 1987, Early Palaeozoic Conodonts from South China. Peking University Publishing House, Beijing, 238 p.Google Scholar
An, T., and Zheng, Z., 1990, The Conodonts of the Marginal Areas around the Ordos Basin, North China: Beijing, Science Press, 199 p.Google Scholar
An, T., Zhang, F., Xiang, W., Zhang, Y., Xu, W., Zhang, H., Jiang, D., Yang, C., Lin, L., Cui, Z., and Yang, X., 1983, The Conodonts of North China and of the Adjacent Regions: Beijing, Science Press, 233 p.Google Scholar
Bagnoli, G., and Stouge, S., 1997, Lower Ordovician (Billingenian-Kunda) conodont zonation and provinces based on sections from Horns Udde, north Öland, Sweden: Bollettino Della Società Paleontologica Italiana, v. 35, p. 109–163.Google Scholar
Barnes, C.R., and Fåhraeus, L.E., 1975, Provinces, communities, and the proposed nektobenthic habit of Ordovician conodontophorids: Lethaia, v. 8(2), p. 133–149.Google Scholar
Bauer, J.A., 1994, Conodonts from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician), South-Central Oklahoma: Journal of Paleontology, v. 68(2), p. 358–376.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., 1971, Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Europe and eastern North America: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 127, p. 83–162.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., 1983, Biogeography, evolutionary relationships, and biostratigraphic significance of Ordovician platform conodonts: Fossils and Strata, v. 15, p. 35–58.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., 1990, Relations between conodont provincialism and the changing palaeogeography during the Early Palaeozoic: Geological Society, London, Memoirs, v. 12(1), p. 105–121.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., 2007a, Middle and Upper Ordovician conodonts from the Fågelsång GSSP, Scania, southern Sweden: GFF, v. 129, p. 77–82.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., 2007b, The Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy in the Siljan region, south-central Sweden: a brief review of an international reference standard, in Ebbestad, J.O.R., Wickström, L.M., and Högström, A.E.S., eds., 9th meeting of the working group on Ordovician Geology of Baltoscandia, Field Guide and Abstracts: Sveriges geologiska undersökning, Rapporter och meddelanden, v. 128, p. 26–41.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., and Finney, S., 1999, The Dawangou Section, Tarim Basin (Xinjiang Autonomous Region), China: potential as global stratotype for the base of the Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone and the base of the global Upper Ordovician Series: Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologica, v. 43(1/2), p. 69–71.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., Chen, X., Gutiérrez-Marco, J.C., and Dronov, A., 2009, The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to delta C-13 chemostratigraphy: Lethaia, v. 42(1), p. 97–107.Google Scholar
Bergström, S.M., Finney, S.C., Xu, C., Pålsson, C., Wang, Z., and Grahn, Y., 2000, A proposed global boundary stratotype for the base of the Upper Series of the Ordovician System: The Fågelsång section, Scania, southern Sweden: Episodes, v. 23(2), p. 102–109.Google Scholar
Chen, J., 1976, Advances in the Ordovician Stratigraphy of North China with a brief description of nautiloid fossils: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 15(1), p. 55–74.Google Scholar
Chen, M., and Zhang, J., 1984a, Middle Ordovician conodonts from Tangshan, Nanjing: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 1(2), p. 120–136.Google Scholar
Chen, M., and Zhang, J., 1984b, On two evolutionary continuums of conodonts in the Middle Ordovician: Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences), v. 2, p. 327–332.Google Scholar
Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Bergström, S.M., and Xu, H., 2006, Upper Darriwilian graptolite and conodont zonation in the globale stratotype section of the Darriwilian stage (Ordovician) at Huangnitang, Changshan, Zhejiang, China: Palaeoworld, v. 15(2006), p. 150–170.Google Scholar
Chen, J., Zhou, Z., Lin, Y., Yang, X., Zou, X., Wang, Z., Luo, K., Yao, B., and Shen, H., 1984, Ordovician Biostratigraphy of Western Ordos. Bulletin of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology: Academica Sinica, v. 20, p. 1–31.Google Scholar
Darby, B.J., and Ritts, B.D., 2002, Mesozoic contractional deformation in the middle of the Asian tectonic collage: the intraplate Western Ordos fold–thrust belt, China: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 205(1–2), p. 13–24.Google Scholar
Ding, L., Chen, M., Zhang, J., Cao, H., and Bao, D., 1993, Cambrian to Ordovician conodonts, in Wang, C., (ed.), Conodonts of Lower Yangtze Valley – An Indexes to Biostratigraphy and Organic Metamorphic Maturity, Beijing, Science Press, p. 155–214.Google Scholar
Dzik, J., 1976, Remarks on the evolution of Ordovician conodonts: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 21(4), p. 395–455.Google Scholar
Dzik, J., 1978, Conodont biostratigraphy and paleogeographical relations of the Ordovician Mójcza Limestone (Holy Cross Mts., Poland): Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 23(1), p. 51–72.Google Scholar
Dzik, J., 1994, Conodonts of the Mójcza Limestone: Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 53, p. 43–128.Google Scholar
Ethington, R.L., 1959, Conodonts of the Ordovician Galena Formation: Journal of Paleontology, v. 33(2), p. 257–292.Google Scholar
Fåhræus, L.E., 1966, Lower Viruan (Middle Ordovician) conodonts from the Gullhögen quarry, southern central Sweden: Sveriges geologiska undersökning C 601, 1–40.Google Scholar
Feltes, N.A., Albanesi, G.L., and Bergström, S.M., 2013, Middle Darriwilian conodont zones in the uppermost San Juan Limestone and the Lower Member of the Las Aguaditas Formation, Central Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina: in Albanesi, G.L., and Ortega, G., eds., Conodonts from the Andes – The Third International Conodont Symposium & Regional Field Meeting of the IGCP project 591, Buenos Aires, p. 25–31.Google Scholar
Feng, Z., Bao, Z., and Zhang, Y., 1998, Lithofacies paleography of Ordovician carbonatite formation in Ordos Basin: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 144 p.Google Scholar
Feng, Z., Bao, Z., Kang, Q., Zhang, Y., Tan, J., Li, Z., Pang, F., and Zhao, X., 1999, Palaeotectonics of Ordovician in Ordos: Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 1(3), p. 83–94.Google Scholar
Feng, Z., Peng, Y., Jin, Z., and Bao, Z., 2004, Lithofacies paleogeography of the Cambrian and Ordovician in China, Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 233 p.Google Scholar
Feng, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhuo, W., Zhang, X., Hong, G., Chen, J., Wu, S., Chen, Y., Chi, Y., and Yang, C., 1990, Lithofacies Paleogeography of Early Paleozoic of North China Platform: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 270 p.Google Scholar
Finney, S.C., Bergström, S.M., Chen, X., and Wang, Z., 1999, The Pingliang section, Gansu Province, China: Potential as global stratotype for the base of the Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone and the base of the global Upper Ordovician Series: Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Geologica, v. 43(1/2), p. 73–75.Google Scholar
Fu, J., and Zheng, C., 2001, Evolution between North China Sea and Qilian Sea of the Ordovician and the Characteristics of Lithofacies Palaeogeography in Ordos Basin: Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 3(4), p. 257–234.Google Scholar
Graves, R.W., and Ellison, S.P., 1941, Ordovician conodonts of the Marathon basin, Texas. University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, Bulletin of the Technical Series 14, p. 1–26.Google Scholar
Guan, S., and Che, S., 1955, Stratigraphic system of the Zhuozhishan Mountains area in Ih Ju League, Inner Mongolia: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 35(2), p. 95–108.Google Scholar
Hadding, A.R., 1913, Undre dicellograptusskiffern i Skåne jämte några dågra därmed ekvivalenta bildningar: Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, Ny Följd, Afdelning 2, v. 9(15), p. 1–90.Google Scholar
Harris, A.G., Bergström, S.M., Ethington, R.L., and Ross, R.J. Jr., 1979, Aspects of Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of carbonate facies in Nevada and southeast California and comparison with some Appalachian successions: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 26(3), p. 7–33.Google Scholar
Heredia, S., Carlorosi, J., Mestre, A., and Soria, T., 2013, Stratigraphical distribution of the Ordovician conodont Erraticodon Dzik in Argentina: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 45, p. 224–234.Google Scholar
Huang, T., 1992, Selected Works of Huang Jiqing, Geology and Geotectonics, v. 3 Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 329 p.Google Scholar
Li, J., and Yu, F., 1983, The conodonts of the Middle Ordovician Pingliang Formation from Longxian, Shaanxi: Bulletin of Xi’an Institute Geology Mineral Reseasch, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, v. 6, p. 19–26.Google Scholar
Li, W., Chen, Q., Li, Z., Wang, R., Wang, Y., and Ma, Y., 2012, Lithofacies Palaeogeography of the Early Paleozoic in Ordos Area: Journal of Palaeogeography, v. 14(1), p. 85–100.Google Scholar
Lindström, M., 1955, Conodonts from the lowermost Ordovician strata of south-central Sweden: GFF, v. 76(4), p. 517–604.Google Scholar
Lindström, M., 1964, Conodonts, Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Company, 196 p.Google Scholar
Lindström, M., 1971, Lower Ordovician conodonts of Europe: Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 127, p. 21–61.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A., 1978, Arenigian and Llanvirnian conodonts from Jämtland, northern Sweden: Fossils and Strata, v. 13, p. 1–129.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A., 1990, Non–platform elements of the Ordovician conodont genus Polonodus: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 64(3–4), p. 245–259.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A., 1994, Arenig (Lower Ordovician) Conodonts and Biozonation in the Eastern Siljan District, Central Sweden: Journal of Paleontology, v. 68(6), p. 1350–1368.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A., 2000a, Conodont biozonation in the upper Arenig of Sweden: Geological Magazine, v. 137(1), p. 53–65.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A., 2000b, Early to early Middle Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the Gillberga quarry, northern Öland, Sweden: GFF, v. 122, p. 321–338.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A., 2003, Conodont faunas with Lenodus variabilis in the upper Arenigian to lower Llanvirnian of Sweden: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 48(3), p. 417–436.Google Scholar
Löfgren, A., 2004, The conodont fauna in the middle ordovician Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus Zone of Baltoscandia: Geological Magazine, v. 141(4), p. 505–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löfgren, A., and Zhang, J. H., 2003, Element association and morphology in some middle Ordovician platform–equipped conodonts: Journal of Paleontology, v. 77(4), p. 721–737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, Y., 1954, Strata Issues of the Cambrian and Ordovician from Northwest China: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 34(3), p. 311–318.Google Scholar
Mccracken, A.D., 1991, Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Cordilleran Road River Group, northern Yukon Territory, Canada, in Orchard, M.J., and McCracken, A.D., eds., Ordovician to Triassic Conodont Paleontology of the Canadian Cordillera.Volume 417: Geological Survey of Canada, p. 41–54.Google Scholar
Melnikov, S.V., 1999, Konodonty ordovika i silura Timano–Severouralskogo regiona [The Ordovician and Silurian conodonts of the Timan–Northern Urals region]: VSEGEI, St. Petersburg, 136 p.Google Scholar
Mestre, A., and Heredia, S., 2013a, The Yangtzeplacognathus crassus (Conodonta) Zone, Darriwilian of the Central Precordillera, San Juan, Argentina: Ameghiniana, v. 50(4), p. 407–417.Google Scholar
Mestre, A., and Heredia, S., 2013b, Biostratigraphic significance of Darriwilian conodonts from Sierra de La Trampa (Central Precordillera, San Juan, Argentina): Geosciences Journal, v. 17(1), p. 43–53.Google Scholar
Mu, E., 1959, Strata Containing Graptolites of China: Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 75 p.Google Scholar
Ortega, G., Albanesi, G.L., and Frigerio, S.E., 2007, Graptolite-conodont biostratigraphy and biofacies of the Middle Ordovician Cerro Viejo succession, San Juan Precordillera, Argentina: Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, v. 245(1–2), p. 245–263.Google Scholar
Ottone, E.G., Albanesi, G.L., Ortega, G., and Holfeltz, G.D., 1999, Palynomorphs, conodonts and associated graptolites from the Ordovician Los Azules Formation, Central Precordillera, Argentina: Micropaleontology, v. 45(3), p. 225–250.Google Scholar
Pei, F., and Cai, S., 1987, Ordovician Conodonts of Henan Province, China: Wuhan College of Geology Press, Wuhan, 128 p.Google Scholar
Pyle, L.J., and Barnes, C.R., 2003, Conodonts from a platform–to–basin transect, Lower Ordovician to Lower Silurian, Northeastern British Columbia, Canada: Journal of Paleontology, v. 77(1), p. 146–171.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, J.A., 1991, Conodont Stratigraphy of the Lower Ordovician Huk Formation at Slemmestad, Southern Norway: Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, v. 71(4), p. 265–288.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, J.A., 2001, Conodont biostratigraphy and taxonomy of the Ordovician shelf margin deposits in the Scandinavian Caledonides: Fossils and Strata, v. 48, p. 1–180.Google Scholar
Seddon, G., and Sweet, W.C., 1971, An ecologic model for conodonts: Journal of Paleontology, v. 45, p. 869–880.Google Scholar
Sergeeva, S.P., 1963, Conodonts from the Lower Ordovician of the Leningrad region: Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, v. 2, p. 93–108.Google Scholar
Stouge, S., 1984, Conodonts of the Middle Ordovician Table Head Formation, western Newfoundland: Fossils and Strata, v. 16, p. 1–145.Google Scholar
Stouge, S., 2012, Middle Ordovician (late Dapingian–Darriwilian) conodonts from the Cow Head Group and Lower Head Formation, western Newfoundland, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 49(1), p. 59–90.Google Scholar
Stouge, S., Du, P., and Zhao, Z., 2011, Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Global Conodont Zonation Based on the Dawangou and Saergan Formations of the Western Tarim Region, Xinjiang Province, China, in Gutiérrez-Marco, J.C., Rábano, I., and Garcia-Bellido, D., eds., No. 14: International Symposium on the Ordovician System Alcalá, p. 581–586.Google Scholar
Sweet, W.C., 1981, Genera Phragmodus Branson and Mehl, 1933 and Plectodina Stauffer, 1935, in Ziegler, W., ed., Catalogue of Conodonts: Stuttgart, Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 245–290.Google Scholar
Sweet, W.C., 1988, The Conodonta: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long-extinct animal phylum: Oxford, Clarendon Press, 212 p.Google Scholar
Sweet, W.C., Bergström, S.M., 1962, Conodonts from the Pratt Ferry Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Alabama: Journal of Paleontology, v. 36(6), p. 1214–1252.Google Scholar
Sweet, W.C., Thompson, T.L., and Statterfield, I.R., 1975, Conodont stratigraphy of the Cape Limestone (Maysvillian) of eastern Missouri: Missouri Geological Survey, Report of Investigation, v. 57(1), p. 1–59.Google Scholar
Tolmacheva, T.Y., Zaitsev, A.V., and Alekseev, A.S., 2013, Middle and Upper Ordovician Conodonts of the Moscow Syneclise: new data on stratigraphy of the Borehole Gavrilov Yam-1 Section: Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 21(4), p. 52–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viira, V., Löfgren, A., Mägi, A., and Wickström, J., 2001, An Early to Middle Ordovician succession of conodont faunas at Mäekalda, northern Estonia: Geological Magazine, v. 138, p. 699–718.Google Scholar
Viira, V., Aldridge, R., and Curtis, S., 2006, Conodonts of the Kiviõli Member, Viivikonna Formation (Upper Ordovician) in the Kohtla section, Estonia: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Science and Geology, v. 55(3), p. 213–240.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., 2000, Ordovician conodonts from Kalpin of Xinjiang and Pingliang of Gansu across the base of Upper Ordovician Series: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 18(4), p. 349–363.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., and Luo, K., 1984, Late Cambrian and Ordovician conodonts from the marginal areas of the Ordos Platform, China: Bulletin of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academica Sinica, v. 8, p. 239–304.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., and Qi, Y.., 2000, Ordovician conodonts from drillings in the Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang, NW China: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 18(2), p. 133–148.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., and Zhou, T.., 1998, Ordovician conodonts from western and northeastern Tarim and their significance: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 37(2), p. 173–193.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Bergström, S.M., and Lane, H.R., 1995, Conodont provinces and biostratigraphy in Ordovician of China: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 35(1), p. 26–59.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Bergström, S.M., Zhen, Y., and Zhang, Y., 2013a, New discovery of conodonts from the Upper Ordovician Pingliang Formation of Pingliang, Gansu, China and its significance: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 30(2), p. 123–131.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Bergström, S.M., Zhen, Y., Chen, A., and Zhang, Y., 2013b, On the integration of Ordovician conodont and graptolite biostratigraphy: new examples from Gansu and Inner Mongolia in China: Alcheringa, v. 37(4), p. 510–528.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Bergström, S.M., Zhen, Y., Zhang, Y., and Wu, R., 2014, A revision of the Darriwilian biostratigraphic conodont Zonation in Tangshan, Hebei province based on new conodont collections: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 53(1), p. 1–15.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Bergström, S.M., Zhen, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, R., and Chen, Q., 2013c, Ordovician conodonts from Dashimen, Wuhai in Inner Mongolia and the significance of the discovery of the Histiodella fauna: Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, v. 30(4), p. 323–343.Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Wu, R., and Bergström, S.M., 2013d, Ordovician conodonts from the Lunnan area of northwestern Taklimakan Desert, Xinjiang, China, with remarks on the evolution of Pygodus: Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, v. 52(4), p. 408–419.Google Scholar
Webby, B., Cooper, R., Bergström, S.M., and Paris, F., 2004, Stratigraphic framework and time slices, in Webby, B., Paris, F., Droser, M., and Percival, I. G., eds., The great Ordovician biodiversification event: New York, Columbia University Press, p. 41–47.Google Scholar
Wu, R., Stouge, S., Li, Z., and Wang, Z., 2010, Lower and Middle Ordovician conodont diversity of the Yichang Region, Hubei Province, Central China: Bulletin of Geosciences, v. 85(4), p. 631–644.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., 1998a, Conodonts from the Guniutan Formation (Llanvirnian) in Hubei and Hunan Provinces, south–central China: Stockholm Contributions in Geology, v. 46, p. 1–161.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., 1998b, Four evolutionary lineages of the Middle Ordovician conodont family Polyplacognathidae: Meddelanden frän Stockholms Universitets Institution för Geologi och Geokemi, v. 298(Paper 5), p. 1–35.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., 1998c, Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Atlantic Faunal Region and the evolution of key conodont genera: Stockholm University, Stockholm, 109 p.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., 1998d, The Ordovician conodont genus Pygodus: Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 58, p. 87–105.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., 1999, Review of the Ordovician conodont zonal index Eoplacognathus suecicus Bergström, 1971: Journal of Paleontology, v. 73(3), p. 487–493.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., and Sturkell, E.F.F., 1998, Aserian and Lasnamägian (Middle Ordovician) conodont biostratigraphy and lithology at Kullstaberg and Lunne in Jämtland, central Sweden: GFF, v. 120, p. 75–83.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Li, J., Liu, J., and Feng, Q., 2011, Detrital zircon U-Pb ages of Middle Ordovician flysch sandstones in the western Ordos margin: new constraints on their provenances, and tectonic implications: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 42(5), p. 1030–1047.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Ma, Z., and Ren, W., 2004, Tectonic Characteristics of the Western Ordos Thrust–Fold Belt and the Causes for Its North–South Segmentation: Acta Geologica Sinica, v. 78(5), p. 600–611.Google Scholar
Zhang, R., 1959, The Cephalopod Fossils of Lower Ordovician from Zhuozishan area, Yikezhao Prefecture, Inner Mongolia, China: Acta Paleaontologica Sinica, v. 7(4), p. 259–271.Google Scholar
Zhang, S., and Gao, Q., 1990, Sinian to Permian Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang (II), Kalpin–Bachu Region: Beijing, The Petroleum Industry Press, 327 p.Google Scholar
Zhang, W., 1962, The Ordovician in China: Beijing, Science Press, 62 p.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Zhang, G., and Xiao, J., 2000, Palaeozoic Strata and Conodonts in Xinjiang: Beijing, Petroleum Industry Press, 340 p.Google Scholar
Zhen, Y., Cooper, R. A., Simes, J. E., and Percival, I. G., 2011a, Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) conodonts from the Maruia–Springs Junction area, New Zealand: Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, v. 42, p. 285.Google Scholar
Zhen, Y., and Percival, I.G., 2003, Ordovician conodont biogeography – reconsidered: Lethaia, v. 36(4), p. 357–369.Google Scholar
Zhen, Y., and Percival, I.G., 2004, Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) conodonts from the Weemalla Formation, south of Orange. New South Wales: Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, v. 30, p. 153–178.Google Scholar
Zhen, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Bergström, S.M., Percival, I.G., and Cheng, J., 2011b, Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian–Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China: Records of the Australian Museum, v. 63(2–3), p. 203–266.Google Scholar
Zhen, Y., Zhang, Y., and Percival, I.G., 2009, Early Sandbian (Late Ordovician) conodonts from the Yenwashan Formation, western Zhejiang, South China: Alcheringa, v. 33(2), p. 133–161.Google Scholar
Zhou, Z., and Chen, P., 1992, Biostratigraphy and Geological Evolution of Tarim: Beijing, Science Press, 399 p. Accepted 19 February 2015Google Scholar